This study investigates the role of managers, especially senior managers, with respect to the alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators in the Overstrand Local Municipality. Service delivery is an important issue for South African municipalities and is directly linked to performance management. In order to achieve institutional goals and improve service delivery, the alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators is vital. The managers’ role with respect to alignment is important because they are the driving force behind the institutional performance management system (PMS) in the municipality. A qualitative research methodology is used in this study and includes a literature study and unstructured interviews. The main objective of this research is to determine the role of management in the alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators in the Overstrand Local Municipality using a municipal scorecard model. The secondary objectives include the formulation of descriptions of the theoretical models and principles of performance management, and the principles and legislative requirements for a comprehensive PMS; determining challenges that managers experience in aligning institutional and individual performance indicators using a municipal scorecard model; and proposing recommendations based on best practice examples towards a management framework that will facilitate the effective alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators. The findings of the study were that the alignment of performance indicators in the Overstrand Local Municipality is unsuccessful, especially at the lower levels. Theoretically, alignment is possible, but the practical implementation thereof remains a challenge. The negative perceptions, attitudes and behaviours that employees exhibit in relation to performance management, both institutional and individual, also came to the fore. Furthermore, employees do not understand the concept and importance of institutional performance. This clearly shows a lack of alignment in the municipality and managers have a very important role to fulfil in order to ensure alignment. Additionally, the challenge that managers experience in inculcating a performance culture in the municipality is particularly evident in the manner in which performance planning, communication, leading and monitoring are done. Various recommendations were made to the Overstrand Local Municipality regarding the alignment of performance indicators through the management functions of planning, organising, leading and control. The implementation of these recommendations will enable the municipality’s senior managers to create a positive performance culture, which should be reflected in the manner in which individual performance is managed. Moreover, the recommendations will assist the managers to align individual and institutional performance, positively influence service delivery and ensure organisational responsiveness to community needs. / MA (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study investigates the role of managers, especially senior managers, with respect to the alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators in the Overstrand Local Municipality. Service delivery is an important issue for South African municipalities and is directly linked to performance management. In order to achieve institutional goals and improve service delivery, the alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators is vital. The managers’ role with respect to alignment is important because they are the driving force behind the institutional performance management system (PMS) in the municipality. A qualitative research methodology is used in this study and includes a literature study and unstructured interviews. The main objective of this research is to determine the role of management in the alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators in the Overstrand Local Municipality using a municipal scorecard model. The secondary objectives include the formulation of descriptions of the theoretical models and principles of performance management, and the principles and legislative requirements for a comprehensive PMS; determining challenges that managers experience in aligning institutional and individual performance indicators using a municipal scorecard model; and proposing recommendations based on best practice examples towards a management framework that will facilitate the effective alignment of individual and institutional performance indicators. The findings of the study were that the alignment of performance indicators in the Overstrand Local Municipality is unsuccessful, especially at the lower levels. Theoretically, alignment is possible, but the practical implementation thereof remains a challenge. The negative perceptions, attitudes and behaviours that employees exhibit in relation to performance management, both institutional and individual, also came to the fore. Furthermore, employees do not understand the concept and importance of institutional performance. This clearly shows a lack of alignment in the municipality and managers have a very important role to fulfil in order to ensure alignment. Additionally, the challenge that managers experience in inculcating a performance culture in the municipality is particularly evident in the manner in which performance planning, communication, leading and monitoring are done. Various recommendations were made to the Overstrand Local Municipality regarding the alignment of performance indicators through the management functions of planning, organising, leading and control. The implementation of these recommendations will enable the municipality’s senior managers to create a positive performance culture, which should be reflected in the manner in which individual performance is managed. Moreover, the recommendations will assist the managers to align individual and institutional performance, positively influence service delivery and ensure organisational responsiveness to community needs. / MA (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Jose Bernardo.pdf: 503505 bytes, checksum: 91e3deb80d00f17d171531e3fd5652cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-03 / The behavioral analysis studies human behavior in various situations. Performance Management is a proposal for intervention based on scientific principles supported by this line of research. It can be defined as a functional system, where relations act as stimuli or consequences of workers' behaviors are closely interwoven, in which positive reinforcement can play an important role in controlling the behavior and the handling of the punishment. The proposed Performance Management, through its basic precepts, conveys that some behavioral principles act as facilitators in achieving a desired outcome. This study is aimed to identify contingencies and behavioral principles through the verbal report of human resource managers and company workers in São Paulo. The participants were two professionals in human resources from two different companies in the city of São Paulo working as industry representatives. This experiment was performed simultaneously with an application of 120 questionnaires, given to officials of the companies who belonged to the professionals in RH. The return of the questionnaires was 65%, completing the study with 78 workers. The aim of this study was to identify contingencies and the principles of Performance Management across the verbal report of human resource managers and employees of these companies. The results were as follows. In practical terms, there is a widespread ignorance on the part of managers regarding the principles pointed out by Daniels and Daniels (2006), identified in the introduction to this research. It can be seen that some principles are used in day-to-day business, but such use is due to an ancient cultural practice, not actually assigned to a technical or received by the manager. On the other hand, it can be seen that the discourse of personnel managers in business will identify many of the rules between them, although these are not completely compatible with the proposals of Performance Manager. It is believed that studies regarding the applicability of behavioral principles coupled with intervention projects in everyday organizations can promote knowledge and use intentional rational principles, which were studied here. Finally, it was noted that the discourse of the organization offers a way to implement the stipulations of PM. This will probably not be an easy path, even through the distance that was found between what was proposed by Daniels and Daniels (2006), and data collected in organizations / A análise do comportamento estuda o comportamento humano em diversos contextos. A Performance Management é uma proposta de intervenção com base em princípios científicos sustentada por esta linha de pesquisa, podendo ser definida como um sistema funcional, onde as relações atuam como estímulos ou conseqüências de comportamentos dos trabalhadores entrelaçados entre si, no qual o reforçamento positivo pode assumir um papel importante no controle do comportamento, assim como a manipulação da punição. A Performance Management propõe através de seus preceitos básicos que alguns princípios comportamentais atuam como facilitadores na obtenção de um resultado esperado. Este estudo teve como propósito identificar contingências e princípios comportamentais através do relato verbal de gestores de recursos humanos e trabalhadores de empresas da cidade de São Paulo. Participaram da pesquisa dois profissionais da área de recursos humanos de duas diferentes empresas da cidade de São Paulo como representantes do setor. Simultaneamente foi realizada a aplicação de 120 questionários aos funcionários das mesmas empresas as quais pertenciam esses profissionais do RH. O retorno foi de 65% dos questionários, finalizando a amostra desse estudo em 78 trabalhadores. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar contingências e os princípios da Performance Management através do relato verbal dos gestores de recursos humanos e dos trabalhadores destas empresas. Os resultados encontrados foram os seguintes: em termos práticos há um grande desconhecimento por parte dos gestores acerca dos princípios apontados por Daniels e Daniels (2006) identificados na introdução desta pesquisa. Pode se perceber que alguns princípios são utilizados no dia-a-dia das empresas, mas essa utilização se deve a uma prática cultural antiga, e não de fato a um conhecimento técnico atribuído ou recebido por parte do gestor. Por outro lado pode-se perceber que o discurso dos gestores de pessoal nas empresas permite identificar boa parte das regras das mesmas, embora essas não sejam totalmente compatíveis com as propostas da Performance Management. Acredita-se que estudos que se relacionem a aplicabilidade de princípios comportamentais aliados a projetos de intervenção no cotidiano das organizações possam promover o conhecimento e o uso racional e intencional dos princípios aqui estudados. Finalmente, percebeu-se que o discurso da organização oferece um caminho para a implantação dos preceitos da PM. Este provavelmente não será um caminho fácil, até pelo distanciamento que se encontrou entre o que foi proposto por Daniels e Daniels (2006) e os dados coletados nas organizações

Recent commentary has suggested that performance management (PM) is fundamentally “broken,” with negative feelings from managers and employees toward the process at an all-time high (Pulakos, Hanson, Arad, & Moye, ; Pulakos & O'Leary, ). In response, some high-profile organizations have decided to eliminate performance ratings altogether as a solution to the growing disenchantment. Adler et al. () offer arguments both in support of and against eliminating performance ratings in organizations. Although both sides of the debate in the focal article make some strong arguments both for and against utilizing performance ratings in organizations, we believe there continue to be misunderstandings, mischaracterizations, and misinformation with respect to some of the measurement issues in PM. We offer the following commentary not to persuade readers to adopt one particular side over another but as a call to critically reconsider and reevaluate some of the assumptions underlying measurement issues in PM and to dispel some of the pervasive beliefs throughout the performance rating literature.

No description available.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2010 / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of Performance Management System in the Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality. The need for this study was considered relevant and necessary as municipalities today have become focus points for service delivery as per their constitutional obligations. Central to the constitutional mandate, amongst other things, the Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 requires municipalities to establish a Performance Management System that will play a pivotal role in promoting a culture of Performance Management. It is through Performance Management that priorities, objectives and targets set, as contained in the Integrated Development Plan, are implemented and measured. In this study, the researcher evaluates the capacity of the management of the Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality to implement Performance Management System, the compliance of the Performance Management System with legislation and the perceptions of labour unions in the implementation of the Performance Management System. The study further provides an analysis of the state of the Performance Management System in the Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality. It discloses several issues that require immediate attention by management in order to make Performance Management fully compliant and functional. Amongst other things, the study reveals that there is minimal employee involvement in the planning of Performance Management, lack of training opportunities to address identified weaknesses, non-payment of performance bonus to good performing employees and majority of employees not knowing their performance targets as reflected in the Service Delivery and Budget Implementation Plan. The study concludes by providing recommendations to management of the Ba-Phalaborwa municipality on how to enhance good Performance Management. Some of the recommendations proposed are payment of performance bonus to good performing employees, consultations with all employees on the implementation of the system, cascading of the Performance Management to all lower levels employees, to cite just but few examples. The correct implementation of Performance Management System will serve as a means to enhance organizational efficiency, effectiveness and accountability in the use of resources in accelerating access to good quality services and a better life for all.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The study seeks to determine whether the introduction of Performance Management System (PMS) in Mbombela Local Municipality (MLM), Mpumalanga Province has effects on service delivery. Municipalities tend to focus mainly on complying with legislative requirements of having an Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and PMS other than implementing the IDP and PMS to enhance the delivery of services to the community. The annual performance reports of MLM for the financial year 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 indicates performance targets in which some were achieved while in some cases the municipality failed to achieve. The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA) introduced the Performance Management Framework in municipalities with the aim of empowering communities to demand better services and hold municipalities accountable. In this regard a literature review was undertaken. In the literature review, it became evident that communities have displeasure in the delivery of services such as electricity, water, sanitation and roads. Further findings in the study indicate that the introduction PMS in MLM has not led to positive change in the delivery of services. Recommendations made in the study for MLM to enhance service delivery through PMS, include cascading PMS to all employees in MLM, change management and communication strategy. Further issues of alignment and integration of the IDP processes, budget, PMS, monitoring, evaluation and training on the formulation of Key Performance Areas and Key Performance Indicators are recommended.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / This study is an investigation of managing the performance of section 57 managers in South Africa, with special reference to municipalities within the Capricorn District Municipality in Limpopo province. This research was necessitated by the fact that even though there has been an adoption of the Performance Management System in order to speed up service delivery and transformation, performance management still remains grossly inadequate, in the South African public sectors especially in local government. This point out that in spite of the existing policy framework governing the management of performance in municipalities, most municipalities in South Africa are still struggling to perform efficiently and effectively. The problem statement provided a foundation within the aim and the objectives were explained. Contextualisation of the study was based on the existing legislative, theoretical and conceptual perspective that apply to performance management. The study also outlined the research method (only qualitative research method was used) and the technique used as a data collection method was the interviews. The researcher presented, analysed and interpreted the research findings where the researcher employed the use of figures and descriptive analysis to present data. In drawing conclusions it became clear that there were problems hampering the performance of Section 57 manager in municipalities within the Capricorn District Municipality. The main problems were identified to be lack of dedicated and qualified personnel to perform the function of PMS, lack of training and rewards to motivate senior managers who far exceed the set targets. Therefore to eliminate these problems recommendations were also suggested to assist municipalities in carrying out their developmental mandate this include among others, proper consideration of training need, continuous evaluation of senior managers performance, and the provision of rewards to employees who performed above the level expected.

This qualitative study identified the formal and informal performance management (PM) practices in use in Australian public universities for academic staff Levels A, B and C. It asked the following research questions. • What PM practices are currently in use in these universities? • What are the similarities in approach and what issues does PM raise? • How do academic staff who take part in these practices (as either staff or management) experience them? • What cultural and contextual factors (if any) contribute to this experience? • What are the perceived effects of these practices on the performance of individuals, teams and the organisation? • Which system elements do academic staff and academic managers perceive to be most effective in academic cultures and why? The context of substantive change within Australian universities was outlined and literature pertaining to the field of PM in general, and in educational organisations in particular, was explored. The existence, structure, purposes and other factual details of formal PM systems were identified, although the study focused on the opinions, perceptions and attitudes of the respondents. Findings suggested that current PM practice in Australian public universities did little to meet the needs of any of the key stakeholders and remained fundamentally unsatisfying to all concerned. Furthermore, the failure to clearly articulate the purposes and to consider the implementation and ongoing costs of a formal PM system typically resulted in widespread cynicism and a ritual dance of compliance that demonstrated palpably low engagement with systems. Formal PM systems helped to clarify objectives and workload allocation for some staff, but were found to be poorly linked to organisational planning processes, poor at differentiating levels of performance, not valued by academic staff as a vehicle for meaningful feedback, failing to follow through on development outcomes and thus did little to build team, individual or organisational capability. Study recommendations suggested that developmental models of PM were more appropriate and acceptable in academia and that considerable work would be required to incorporate evaluative links such as performance-related pay successfully. More rigorous evaluation, consultation processes regarding user preferences, piloting of PM systems prior to full implementation, and dedicated resources for the PM function and its outcomes (such as staff development), would be required as a part of a comprehensive change management strategy to overcome historical resistance. A thorough capability analysis of the people management skills for Heads of School and above was seen as a priority, given that feedback skill and the management of under-performance were consistently identified as problematic. The costs of under-performance warranted this expenditure. A national evaluation study of PM practice in higher education was recommended to assess the real outcomes, costs and benefits and determine whether continued investment in PM systems was actually merited. Alternative models and approaches such as modular PM systems for the different stages of an academic career, promotion portfolios, reflective practice or peer learning groups were suggested as potentially more successful in enhancing the accountability and performance of academic staff than mandated hierarchical PM.

Diese Dissertation untersucht die Verwendung von Performance-Informationen („Kennzahlen“) durch Führungskräfte in der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Unter „Verwendung“ wird dabei die zweckorientierte Nutzung der Daten verstanden, um zu steuern, zu lernen und öffentliche Leistungen zu verbessern. Die zentrale Frage der Arbeit lautet: Wie können Unterschiede bei der Verwendung von Performance-Informationen erklärt werden? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wird die bereits existierende Literatur strukturiert ausgewertet. Forschungslücken werden aufgezeigt und eigene Ansätze vorgestellt, wie diese geschlossen werden können. Der erste Teil der Dissertation untersucht den Einfluss von Manager-bezogenen Faktoren auf die Nutzung von Performance-Daten, die bislang in der Forschung noch keine Berücksichtigung gefunden haben. Der zweite Abschnitt testet ein modifiziertes Modell aus der Psychologie, das auf der Annahme basiert, dass die Verwendung von Performance-Informationen ein bewusstes und durchdachtes Verhalten darstellt. Der dritte Teil untersucht, inwieweit sich die Erklärungen für die Nutzung von Performance-Informationen unterscheiden, wenn wir diese nicht nur als Kennzahlen definieren, sondern ebenfalls andere Quellen von „unsystematischem“ Feedback berücksichtigen. Die empirischen Ergebnisse der Arbeit basieren auf einer Umfrage aus dem Jahr 2011. Im Rahmen dieses Surveys habe ich die mittleren Manager (Amtsleiter und Fachbereichsleiter) aus acht ausgewählten Bereichen aller kreisfreien Städte in Deutschland befragt (n=954). Zur Auswertung der Daten wurden die Verfahren Faktorenanalyse, Multiple Regressionsanalyse und Strukturgleichungsmodellierung eingesetzt. Meine Forschung förderte unter anderem vier Erkenntnisse zu Tage, die durch ähnliche Befunde der verschiedenen Teile der Dissertation abgesichert sind: 1) Die Verwendung von Performance-Daten kann als bewusstes Verhalten von Führungskräften modelliert werden, das durch deren Einstellung sowie durch die Einstellung ihres sozialen Umfeldes bestimmt wird. 2) Häufige Nutzer von Performance-Informationen zeigen überraschenderweise keine generelle Präferenz für das abstrakt-analytische Verarbeiten von Informationen. Stattdessen bevorzugen sie, Informationen durch persönliche Interaktionen aufzunehmen. 3) Manager, die sich früh im Rahmen der Ermittlung von Performance-Informationen engagieren, nutzen diese später auch häufiger, um Entscheidungen zu treffen. 4) Performance-Berichte sind nur eine Informationsquelle unter vielen. Verwaltungsmanager präferieren verbales Feedback von Insidern sowie das Feedback von wichtigen externen Stakeholdern gegenüber systematischen Performance-Daten. Die Dissertation erklärt diese Befunde theoretisch und verdeutlicht deren Implikationen für Theorie und Praxis. / The dissertation examines the use of performance information by public managers. “Use” is conceptualized as purposeful utilization in order to steer, learn, and improve public services. The main research question is: Why do public managers use performance information? To answer this question, I systematically review the existing literature, identify research gaps and introduce the approach of my dissertation. The first part deals with manager-related variables that might affect performance information use but which have thus far been disregarded. The second part models performance data use by applying a theory from social psychology which is based on the assumption that this management behavior is conscious and reasoned. The third part examines the extent to which explanations of performance information use vary if we include others sources of “unsystematic” feedback in our analysis. The empirical results are based on survey data from 2011. I surveyed middle managers from eight selected divisions of all German cities with county status (n=954). To analyze the data, I used factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. My research resulted in four major findings: 1) The use of performance information can be modeled as a reasoned behavior which is determined by the attitude of the managers and of their immediate peers. 2) Regular users of performance data surprisingly are not generally inclined to analyze abstract data but rather prefer gathering information through personal interaction. 3) Managers who take on ownership of performance information at an early stage in the measurement process are also more likely to use this data when it is reported to them. 4) Performance reports are only one source of information among many. Public managers prefer verbal feedback from insiders and feedback from external stakeholders over systematic performance reports. The dissertation explains these findings using a deductive approach and discusses their implications for theory and practice.