This thesis, Reporting East Asia: Foreign Relations and News Bias, seeks to argue for the importance of understanding foreign relations in the study of 'bias' in international news. It begins by pointing out that many previous studies have examined pressures on news emanating from inside national boundaries, but have excluded force from outside, and most notably, the military and economic relations between reporting and reported nations. For the purpose of the study, newspapers from three countries; the US, South Korea and Japan (which different represent types of power order within the military and economic spheres in the Pacific region), were chosen. Three recent key events in the region were selected as case studies for news analysis: 1)The Shooting Down of the Korean Airline 007, by the Soviet Union in 1983; 2)The Former Philippine President, Marcos' Step Down in 1986 : and 3) the Anti-Government Demonstrations in South Korea in 1987. Throughout the thesis, the relationship between reporting countries and reported countries has been analysed. The relationships between the reporting nations and more powerful and influential nations, has also been examined, in order to establish how far the news content of a less powerful country is also shaped by its relations with dominant nations. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong relationship between the 'biased' news reporting of international events and the unequal relationships between and among nations. Consequently, it implies that understanding foreign relations is an important tool in the analysis of bias in international news reporting. However, the thesis concludes by suggesting that in order to fully understand the operating environment of international news, the internal dynamics of news organizations, media systems (including the relationship of news media to governmenta, and national power structures) needs to combined with the analysis of foreign relations in any future research.

This thesis focuses on the concept of youth Subculture, used in both academic and popular discourse to describe a distinct form of youth culture. The thesis focuses on Dance Culture, the dominant youth culture in Britain during the period 1988-1990, but also a unique form of youth culture that challenges previous theories of youth culture, and questions whether youth cultures are organically formed or commercially created. The thesis establishes how the marketing industry has become increasingly adept at understanding and responding to the cultural aspect of young peoples' lives since the youth market was first identified in the late 1950s. The commercial importance of rebellious youth cultures was first established in the 1960s. However, it took the market-driven economy of the 1980s, in which a more style-orientated advertising practice developed, to draw on the style-factor that youth cultures evoke. Due, in particular, to increases in the number of youth-oriented media in the 1980s and 1990s marketing has developed its ability to reach youthful consumers. As a result, it has come to focus on individual youth cultures, re-presenting them to consumers who seek the cultural capital they possess. The central focus is 'youth marketing', an industry which thrived in the knowledge-based New Economy of the 1990s. Interviews .with experts in 'youth marketing' show how marketing interacted with the Dance Culture and its consistent subcultures. It shows, where previous studies of youth Subculture have failed, the crucial role that consumerism, and more specifically marketing, plays in the formation and communication of youth cultures. Marketers have increasingly come to recognise the cultural capital of Subcultures, and have become more influential in the way that they are communicated and adopted by young people. As a consequence, the thesis argues that Youth Subculture is now a concept more readily employed for selling lifestyles to consumers, as opposed to a reliable model for understanding young peoples' culture. Rather than expressions of genuine resistance, youth cultures are, now more accurately viewed as reference points in consumer trends. Previous studies of advertising and marketing have been based on abstract research methodologies, such as textual analysis. This research is unique in interviewing the practitioners who attempt to understand and re-present young people's culture. In this way, it presents a more accurate and grounded analysis of marketing's interaction and comprehension of young people, and also its subsequent attempts to have meaning in their cultural lives.

<p> This phenomenological study describes the therapeutic potential of change for women who come together in collective creative process to perform their stories. The author examines women, aged 30-72, and their experiences of collective performance, spanning 29 years, in response to their life circumstances, emotional health, personal relationships, professional life, and community connections. Roles inside and outside of the group are explored, as are their group and individual processes. Research on women, collectives, applied theatre, and therapeutic theatre is presented. Perspective is gained through the lenses of feminist theory, social constructivism, and psychodramatic role theory. Comparisons are made between applied theatre and drama therapy, and the mutual exclusion of group versus individual, socio-political versus therapy, is questioned. Implications for the use of socio-political community drama in a therapeutic theatre format in drama therapy are formulated.</p>

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