No description available.

An introduction to periodic orbit techniques for deterministic dynamical systems is presented. The Farey map is considered as examples of intermittency in one-dimensional maps. The effect of intermittency on the Markov partition is considered. The Gauss map is shown to be related to the farey map by a simple transformation of trajectories. A method of calculating periodic orbits in the thermostated Lorentz gas is derived. This method relies on minimising the action from the Hamiltonian description of the Lorentz gas, as well as the construction of a generating partition of the phase space. This method is employed to examine a range of bifurcation processes in the Lorentz gas. A novel construction of the Sinai billiard is performed by using symmetry arguments to reduce two particles in a hard walled box to the square Sinai billiard. Infinite families of periodic orbits are found, even at the lowest order, due to the intermittency of the system. The contribution of these orbits is examined and found to be tractable at the lowest order. The number of orbits grows too quickly for consideration of any other terms in the periodic orbit expansion. A simple stochastic model for the diffusion in the Lorentz gas was constructed. The model produced a diffusion coefficient that was a remarkably good fit to more precise numerical calculations. This is a significant improvement to the Machta-Zwanzig approximation for the diffusion coefficient. We outline a general approach to constructing stochastic models of deterministic dynamical systems. This method should allow for calculations to be performed in more complicated systems.

This work investigates the dynamics of magnetic flows on closed orientable Riemannian surfaces. These flows are determined by triples (M, g, σ), where M is the surface, g is the metric and σ is a 2-form on M . Such dynamical systems are described by the Hamiltonian equations of a function E on the tangent bundle TM endowed with a symplectic form ω_σ, where E is the kinetic energy. Our main goal is to prove existence results for a) periodic orbits, and b) Poincare sections for motions on a fixed energy level Σ_m := {E = m^2/2} ⊂ T M . We tackle this problem by studying the contact geometry of the level set Σ_m . This will allow us to a) count periodic orbits using algebraic invariants such as the Symplectic Cohomology SH of the sublevels ({E ≤ m^2/2}, ω_σ ); b) find Poincare sections starting from pseudo-holomorphic foliations, using the techniques developed by Hofer, Wysocki and Zehnder in 1998. In Chapter 3 we give a proof of the invariance of SH under deformation in an abstract setting, suitable for the applications. In Chapter 4 we present some new results on the energy values of contact type. First, we give explicit examples of exact magnetic systems on T^2 which are of contact type at the strict critical value. Then, we analyse the case of non-exact systems on M different from T^2 and prove that, for large m and for small m with symplectic σ, Σ_m is of contact type. Finally, we compute SH in all cases where Σ_m is convex. On the other hand, we are also interested in non-exact examples where the contact property fails. While for surfaces of genus at least two, there is always a level not of contact type for topological reasons, this is not true anymore for S^2 . In Chapter 5, after developing the theory of magnetic flows on surfaces of revolution, we exhibit the first example on S^2 of an energy level not of contact type. We also give a numerical algorithm to check the contact property when the level has positive magnetic curvature. In Chapter 7 we restrict the attention to low energy levels on S^2 with a symplectic σ and we show that these levels are of dynamically convex contact type. Hence, we prove that, in the non-degenerate case, there exists a Poincare section of disc-type and at least an elliptic periodic orbit. In the general case, we show that there are either 2 or infinitely many periodic orbits on Σ_m and that we can divide the periodic orbits in two distinguished classes, short and long, depending on their period. Then, we look at the case of surfaces of revolution, where we give a sufficient condition for the existence of infinitely many periodic orbits. Finally, we discuss a generalisation of dynamical convexity introduced recently by Abreu and Macarini, which applies also to surfaces with genus at least two.

No description available.

Uma órbita bilhar em um triângulo é uma poligonal cujos segmentos começam e terminam nos lados do triângulo e que se refletem elasticamente nestes lados. É como o movimento de uma bola numa mesa de bilhar sem atrito (logo a bola tem velocidade constante e jamais para) cujas laterais formam um triângulo. Esta órbita é periódica se ela retorna infinitas vezes ao mesmo ponto com a mesma direção. A existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas em polígonos é uma questão aberta da matemática. Mesmo para um triângulo ainda não há resposta. Para triângulos agudos, a resposta é bem conhecida, pois o triângulo formato pelos pés das alturas do triângulo é uma órbita periódica. Para triângulos obtusos, em geral, pouco se sabe. O objetivo desta dissertação é coletar resultados e técnicas sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos obtusos. Começamos introduzindo o trabalho de Vorobets, Galperin e Stepin, que no início dos anos 90 unificaram os casos conhecidos de triângulos que possuem órbita bilhar periódica, introduziram o conceito de estabilidade e mostraram novos resultados, como uma família infinita de órbitas estáveis. Temos também o teorema de 2000 de Halbeisen e Hungerbühler que estende as famílias de órbitas estáveis. Mencionamos em seguida os trabalhos de Schwartz de 2006 e 2009 que utilizam auxílio computacional para mostrar que todo triângulo com ângulos menores que $100\\degree$ possui órbita bilhar periódica. Depois temos os resultados de 2008 de Hooper e Schwartz sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos quase isósceles e sobre estabilidade de órbitas em triângulos de Veech. Todos os casos abordados neste trabalho incluem uma vasta variedade de triângulos, mas a questão de existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas para todo triângulo está longe de ser totalmente contemplada. / A billiard orbit in a triangle is a polygonal with vertices at the boundary of the triangle such that its angles reflect elastically. It is similar to a moving ball on a billiard table without friction (so the ball has constant speed and never stops) whose sides form a triangle. This orbit is periodic if it returns infinitely to the same point with the same direction. The existence of periodic billiard orbits in polygons is an open problem in mathematics. Even for a triangle there is still no answer. For acute triangles the answer is well known since the triangle whose vertices are the base points of the three altitudes of the triangle is a periodic orbit. For obtuse triangles, in general, little is known. The aim of this thesis is to collect results and techniques on periodic billiard orbits in obtuse triangles. We start by introducing the work of Vorobets, Gal\'perin and Stepin, who unified in the early 1990s the known cases of triangles that have periodic billiard orbits, introduced the concept of stability and proved new results, such as an infinite family of stable orbits. We also have the theorem of Halbeisen and Hungerbühler of 2000 extending the families of stable orbits. Next, we mention the works of Schwartz of 2006 and 2009 that use computational assistance to prove that every triangle whose angles are at most $100\\degree$ have periodic billiard orbits. Then, we have the results of 2008 by Hooper and Schwartz on periodic billiard orbits in nearly isosceles triangles and on stability of billiard orbits in Veech triangles. All cases covered in this work include a wide variety of triangles, but the question of the existence of periodic billiard orbits for all triangles is far from being fully contemplated.

In this dissertation, we devise a quantization scheme to construct eigenfunctions by classical periodic orbits in both regular systems as well as chaotic systems. Our method is based on the principle that eigenfunctions can be resolved from a time-dependent wavefunction. This is different from the classical (or EBK) quantization scheme that constructs eigenfunction in the energy-domain. The advantage of our method is that it can be applied to more varieties of systems, including some chaotic systems. Three systems, the simple harmonic oscillator, the x⁴-potential oscillator, and the x²y² quartic-oscillator, are used as examples for our eigenfunction construction. The key to the constructions is a family (or families) of periodic orbits with a newly defined quantization rule, the resolving quantization rule. The eigenspectrum for the x⁴-potential oscillator is also computed. Furthermore, the classical Green's function is used to explain the relation between the resolving quantization rule and the classical quantization rule. This dissertation begins with an introduction in Chapter 1. The semiclassical theory for the eigenfunction construction by periodic orbits is developed in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, eigenfunctions are constructed for the simple harmonic oscillator, the x⁴-potential oscillator, and the x²y² quartic-oscillator. The eigenspectrum for the x⁴-potential oscillator is computed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 is devoted to discussions including the interpretation of the resolving quantization rule from the classical Green's function, the interpretation of the photoabsorption spectrum for a Rydberg atom in a magnetic field, and the comparison of our method with the EBK quantization scheme. Conclusions are made in Chapter 7. / text

Orientador: Marco Antonio Teixeira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:38:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mereu_AnaCristinadeOliveira_D.pdf: 1463250 bytes, checksum: 9bbe3e5b625f68effb7acc05409359ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho é voltado ao estudo de existência e persistência de órbitas periódicas e órbitas homoclínicas em perturbações de sistemas dinamicos reversíveis. Primeiramente, rompemos a reversibilidade de centros no plano e em dimensões superiores e detectamos condições para a existência de ciclos limites e toros invariantes. A seguir, estudamos a existência de soluções periódicas simétricas de perturbações de uma família de equações diferencias reversíveis. A existência e persistência de órbitas homoclínicas em tais equações também foram discutidas. / Abstract: In this work we study the existence and persistence of some minimal sets in perturbations of reversible systems. First we make non reversible perturbations of centers in R2 and R4 and we detect conditions for the existence of limit cycles and invariant tori. We study the existence of periodic solutions of the perturbations of a family of di_erential equations expressed by x(2n) + a (2n-2)/2 +¿+ a1x(2) + x = 0 ; for n = 2; 3. The existence and persistence of homoclinic orbits in such equations are also discussed. / Doutorado / Geometria e Topologia / Doutor em Matemática

Uma órbita bilhar em um triângulo é uma poligonal cujos segmentos começam e terminam nos lados do triângulo e que se refletem elasticamente nestes lados. É como o movimento de uma bola numa mesa de bilhar sem atrito (logo a bola tem velocidade constante e jamais para) cujas laterais formam um triângulo. Esta órbita é periódica se ela retorna infinitas vezes ao mesmo ponto com a mesma direção. A existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas em polígonos é uma questão aberta da matemática. Mesmo para um triângulo ainda não há resposta. Para triângulos agudos, a resposta é bem conhecida, pois o triângulo formato pelos pés das alturas do triângulo é uma órbita periódica. Para triângulos obtusos, em geral, pouco se sabe. O objetivo desta dissertação é coletar resultados e técnicas sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos obtusos. Começamos introduzindo o trabalho de Vorobets, Galperin e Stepin, que no início dos anos 90 unificaram os casos conhecidos de triângulos que possuem órbita bilhar periódica, introduziram o conceito de estabilidade e mostraram novos resultados, como uma família infinita de órbitas estáveis. Temos também o teorema de 2000 de Halbeisen e Hungerbühler que estende as famílias de órbitas estáveis. Mencionamos em seguida os trabalhos de Schwartz de 2006 e 2009 que utilizam auxílio computacional para mostrar que todo triângulo com ângulos menores que $100\\degree$ possui órbita bilhar periódica. Depois temos os resultados de 2008 de Hooper e Schwartz sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos quase isósceles e sobre estabilidade de órbitas em triângulos de Veech. Todos os casos abordados neste trabalho incluem uma vasta variedade de triângulos, mas a questão de existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas para todo triângulo está longe de ser totalmente contemplada. / A billiard orbit in a triangle is a polygonal with vertices at the boundary of the triangle such that its angles reflect elastically. It is similar to a moving ball on a billiard table without friction (so the ball has constant speed and never stops) whose sides form a triangle. This orbit is periodic if it returns infinitely to the same point with the same direction. The existence of periodic billiard orbits in polygons is an open problem in mathematics. Even for a triangle there is still no answer. For acute triangles the answer is well known since the triangle whose vertices are the base points of the three altitudes of the triangle is a periodic orbit. For obtuse triangles, in general, little is known. The aim of this thesis is to collect results and techniques on periodic billiard orbits in obtuse triangles. We start by introducing the work of Vorobets, Gal\'perin and Stepin, who unified in the early 1990s the known cases of triangles that have periodic billiard orbits, introduced the concept of stability and proved new results, such as an infinite family of stable orbits. We also have the theorem of Halbeisen and Hungerbühler of 2000 extending the families of stable orbits. Next, we mention the works of Schwartz of 2006 and 2009 that use computational assistance to prove that every triangle whose angles are at most $100\\degree$ have periodic billiard orbits. Then, we have the results of 2008 by Hooper and Schwartz on periodic billiard orbits in nearly isosceles triangles and on stability of billiard orbits in Veech triangles. All cases covered in this work include a wide variety of triangles, but the question of the existence of periodic billiard orbits for all triangles is far from being fully contemplated.

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All physical systems are affected by some noise that limits the resolution that can be attained in partitioning their state space. For chaotic, locally hyperbolic flows, this resolution depends on the interplay of the local stretching/contraction and the smearing due to noise. My goal is to determine the `finest attainable' partition for a given hyperbolic dynamical system and a given weak additive white noise. That is achieved by computing the local eigenfunctions of the Fokker-Planck evolution operator in linearized neighborhoods of the periodic orbits of the corresponding deterministic system, and using overlaps of their widths as the criterion for an optimal partition. The Fokker-Planck evolution is then represented by a finite transition graph, whose spectral determinant yields time averages of dynamical observables. The method applies in principle to both continuous- and discrete-time dynamical systems. Numerical tests of such optimal partitions on unimodal maps support my hypothesis.