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The amalgamation of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in the southwestern Tian Shan in Tajikistan is represented by tectono-magmatic-metamorphic processes that accompanied late Paleozoic ocean closure and collision between the Karakum-Tarim and Kazakh-Kyrgyz terranes. Integrated U-Pb geochronology, thermobarometry, pseudosection modeling, and Hf geochemistry constrain the timing and petro-tectonic nature of these processes. The Gissar batholith and the Garm massif represent an eastward, along-strike increase in paleodepth from upper-batholith (similar to 21-7km) to arc-root (similar to 36-19km) levels of the Andean-syn-collisional Gissar arc, which developed from similar to 323-288Ma in two stages: (i) Andean, I-type granitoid magmatism from similar to 323-306Ma due to northward subduction of the Gissar back-arc ocean basin under the Gissar microcontinent, which was immediately followed by (ii) syn-collisional, I-S-type granitoid magmatism in the Gissar batholith and the Garm massif from similar to 304-288Ma due to northward subduction/underthrusting of Karakum marginal-continental crust under the Gissar microcontinent. A rapid isotopic pull-up from similar to 288-286Ma signals the onset of juvenile, alkaline-syenitic, post-collisional magmatism by similar to 280Ma, which was driven by delamination of the Gissar arclogite root and consequent convective asthenospheric upwelling. Whereas M-HT/LP prograde metamorphism in the Garm massif (650-750 degrees C/6-7kbar) from similar to 310-288Ma was associated with subduction-magma inundation and crustal thickening, HT/LP heating and decompression to peak-metamorphic temperatures (similar to 800-820 degrees C/6-4kbar) at similar to 2886Ma was driven by the transmission of a post-collisional, mantle-derived heat wave through the Garm-massif crust.

Os Chondrichthyes são gnastotomados não-tetrapodos com esqueleto interno essencialmente cartilaginoso. Fortes evidências sugerem que o grupo seja monofilético, estando dividido em dois grupos irmãos, Elasmobranchii e Holocephali. Os Chondrichthyes são componentes comuns das faunas aquáticas do Paleozóico, mas a preservação de esqueletos parciais é rara devido à natureza cartilaginosa do mesmo. Assim, o registro paleontológico é composto basicamente pelas mais partes mineralizadas, tais como dentes, dentículos dérmicos e espinhos de nadadeira. Dentes isolados de tubarões paleozóicos ocorrem em depósitos marinhos e continentais ao redor do mundo, sendo o registro mais antigo datado do Devoniano. Eles são compostos por tecidos mineralizados por hidroxiapatita, sendo constituídos por orto ou osteodentina e recobertos por enameloide. Os dentes cladodontes tratados aqui são provenientes de rochas do Permiano Superior (Formação Rio do Rasto, Bacia do Paraná), da Serra do Cadeado, norte do Estado do Paraná. Eles consistem no primeiro registro do grupo para a região, que possui importantes afloramentos de rochas paleozóicas e mesozóicas incluídas no contexto das unidades litoestratigráficas que compõem a Bacia do Paraná. Após a preparação mecânica e química do material, oito dentes praticamente completos e dez fragmentos, além de aproximadamente 100 dentículos dérmicos foram recuperados. Os dentes são osteodontes, multicuspidados, com as cúspides dispostas em linha e levemente comprimidas lábio-lingualmente. As coroas são ornamentadas com linhas bem marcadas. As bases são mesio-distalmente alongadas, com uma expansão lingual e numerosas perfurações. Levando-se em conta a problemática existente na classificação e atribuição de elementos esqueletais isolados a táxons extintos, tentou-se resolver a afinidade taxonômica dos espécimes tratados aqui até o nível taxonômico menos inclusivo possível, com base tanto na comparação da anatomia dentária com materiais depositados em coleção e dados disponíveis na literatura, quanto em variadas metodologias para a análise ultra-estrutural e histológica. O estudo comparativo dos dentes indica que o material pode ser atribuído a um Euselachii, relacionado à Hybodontiformes. / Isolated shark teeth are found worldwide in both marine and continental rocks dating as far back as the lower Devonian (Lochkovian), some 409 mya. They are important as palaeoenvironmental proxies and provide valuable biostratigraphic data for global correlation. Teeth are the main record of fossil chondrichthyans, because they are composed of mineralized tissues with hydroxyl-apatite. Most shark teeth are basically made up of enameloid and ortho- and/or osteodentine. The chondrichthyan teeth dealt here were collected in Late Permian rocks of the Serra do Cadeado area in north of Paraná, Brazil, in the litoestratigrafic context of the Rio do Rasto Formation (Paraná Basin). These remains represent the first record of Chondrichthyans in the area, where there are important outcrops of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks, providing a important paleontological window to the Late Permian of South America. Following mechanical preparation of the collected samples eight nearly complete teeth and ten tooth fragments were isolated. In addition, some 100 dermal denticles were recovered after chemical preparation. The teeth show a Cladodont morphology, including a mesio-distally elongated multicusped crown with a central main cusp. The cusp and cusplets are disposed in line, some of which are slightly labio-lingually compressed. The crowns are ornamented with strong, straight to slightly curved ridges. Tooth bases are mesiodistally elongated, and there is a lingual torus at the base. Numerous small foramina form a row right below the crown-base junction, while irregular, large pores perforate the basal surface of the tooth base. Various methodologies were used to study the specimens, including thin sections, scanning electronic microscopy and CT-scan. The crow and base morphology of these teeth are reminiscent of those ascribed to hibodontiform sharks.

The stratal architecture of the upper Ely Limestone and Mormon Gap Formation (Pennsylvanian-early Permian) in western Utah reflects the interaction of icehouse sea-level change and tectonic activity in the distal Antler-Sonoma foreland basin. Eighteen physically and biostratigraphically corelated stratigraphic sections provide a database for tracing Permo-Carboniferous boundary strata over a north-south distance of 60 km. These formations comprise 14 unconformity-bounded depositional sequence: three in the upper Ely (UE1-UE3) and 11 in the Mormon Gap Formation (MG1-MG11). Conodont and fusulinid faunas provide precise biostratigraphic information for a number of parasequences in the upper Ely and Mormon Gap formations. This paleontological information clarifies the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the distal foreland basin (study area) and permits correlation with events in the proximal foreland (Nevada) and with depositional sequences in the North American midcontinent. The stratigraphic succession is divided into three depositional intervals (I-III) with distinctive differences in constituent facies and facies stacking patterns, the regional continuity of cycles, the relative abundance of dolomite and limestone, calculated sediment accumulation rates, and the frequency and inferred duration of sequence-bounding hiatuses. These reflect the interaction of high-frequency sea-level change on an intermittently subsiding distal foreland basin. Subsidence is generally continuous during the Bashkirian through middle Moscovian (Interval I) and again during the Artinskian (Interval II). During the late Moscovian through Sakmarian stages (Interval III), subsidence rates dropped and sedimentation occurred mainly in consequence of second-order sea-level rise associated with the highstand of the Lower Absaroka II seas. Strata in the distal foreland are bounded by low-relief disconformities of variable duration in stark contrast to the angular unconformities and intensely deformed tectonostratigraphic domains that characterize the proximal foreland basin in north-central Nevada.

The Karoo-aged basins evolved from assembly to break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana and were filled by denudating major mountain ranges accompanied by vast sedimentary recycling processes. A succession of rift episodes caused the emergence of a great number of these intra-cratonic basins throughout the Gondwana interior, e.g. the Aranos, Karasburg and Huab basins, which are scattered across today’s Namibia. This evolution may be split into a Permian to early Triassic and a Jurassic phase. The Karoo I phase is confined by ‘passive’ continental rifting and a retro-arc extension at the SW margin of Gondwana. The early Jurassic Karoo II rifting phase of east Africa eventually disintegrated Gondwana and led to the opening of the West Indian Ocean. A terminal early Cretaceous rifting phase led towards the opening of the southern Atlantic Ocean and ended the Gondwana supercontinent sedimentary regime. In the course of this evolution, the Namibian late Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary record yields evidence for changing climates from icehouse towards extreme hothouse conditions. As based on sporadic datings the timeline of this evolution remains mostly unclear. The lack of data is in great contrast to the importance of determining the speed of major climate changes. In addition, sediment fluxes within such a supercontinent regime are not well studied but are key in understanding sediment dynamics during severe ecological and environmental changes. Therefore, this thesis tries to establish a timeframe of the sedimentary deposits for the Namibian Karoo Supergroup sedimentary deposits and furthermore tries to explore the laws of sediment dispersal prevailing in southern Gondwana. In order to answer these research questions a comprehensive dataset comprised of 41 samples with more than 5.700 U-Th-Pb LA-ICP-MS age determinations and over 1.000 Lu-Hf isotopic measurements on single zircon grains of siliciclastic rock material of the vast majority of all Permo- Carboniferous to early Cretaceous Karoo-aged Namibian formations was compiled. All of the investigated zircon crystals were also studied with respect to their grain morphology, including length, width, surface, and roundness, providing valuable information concerning transport distances and energies. In combination with whole-rock geochemical data of a majority of the investigated samples, they help deciphering the sedimentary deposition history during the Gondwana supercontinent cycle. A compiled set of southern African U-Th-Pb zircon age data is of great help interpreting sediment fluxes and inferring provenance areas. The onset of Karoo-aged sedimentation is recorded within the Aranos and Karasburg Basin successions and is represented by glacially induced diamictites of the Dwyka Group partially resting directly on pre-Cambrian basement complexes. In places, two distinct E-W directed ice advances are present. The deposition of these glacial diamictites was prior to 296 Ma, as two ash beds incorporated within the overlying shale successions yield Asselian deposition ages. Further hints concerning ice-induced deposition disappear at the Sakmarian-Artinskian boundary, as the lowermost succession of the Ecca Group yields a maximum deposition age of ca. 290 Ma, documenting the end of the Dwyka ice age in the southern Namibian area. The lowermost Ecca Group deposits of the Huab Basin yield a maximum deposition age of ca. 295 Ma, suggesting an earlier termination of the Dwyka ice age in the north. The uppermost strata of the Aranos and Karasburg Basins were dated ca. 265 Ma and 255 Ma, respectively, revealing a disparate depositional history. Due to a lack of datable ash beds as well as no detrital zircon grain ages near the assumed sedimentation age it was not possible to determine a detailed sedimentation history for the Huab, Kunene River, and Waterberg Basin deposits. Detrital zircon U-Th-Pb ages are routinely used in order to trace siliciclastic sedimentary rocks to their bedrock sources, deriving transport directions. This classic ‘source-to-sink’ approach is most likely obscured by several cycles of sediment homogenization processes. A majority of all investigated samples yield high portions of detrital zircon fractions of late Mesoproterozoic (950-1150 Ma) and Neoproterozoic (440-650 Ma) age. In addition, all Jurassic and Cretaceous samples yield a prominent Permian age fraction of 250-280 Ma, suggesting a Gondwanides orogen provenance. Thus, the investigated siliciclastic rocks consist of already recycled sedimentary material. This observation is supported by a high degree of zircon grain roundness. As of zircon grain hardness long transport distances are necessary to achieve latter. This suggests that one sedimentary sink is source for the next sedimentary cycle. A comparison with the detrital zircon record of other southern Gondwanan Permo-Carboniferous successions shows similar results, strongly pointing towards a supercontinent-wide sedimentary recycling regime. Therefore, detrital zircon age patterns within supercontinent scenarios reflect large-scale sedimentary processes rather than primary provenance information.:1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution of the Namibian landscape from Carboniferous to Cretaceous times 2 1.2 Thesis format 5 1.3 References 5 2 Methods 10 2.1 Sample preparation and zircon morphometrics 10 2.2 U-Th-Pb age determination 10 2.3 Lu-Hf model age determination via LA-(MC)-ICP-MS 12 2.4 Geochemical analysis 12 2.5 Comparative statistics 12 2.6 References 13 3 Study I: The Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Group of the Aranos Basin (Namibia) – How detrital zircons help understanding sedimentary recycling during a major glaciation 15 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Regional geological setting 17 3.2.1 Geology of the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Group (Aranos Basin) 19 3.2.2 Paleotectonic significance of the Dwyka formations 22 3.3 Methods 24 3.4 Results 26 3.5 Discussion 30 3.5.1 Significance of zircon morphologies for sediment fluxes 32 3.5.2 Potential sedimentation rates and source areas indicated by U-Pb age data 35 3.5.3 Implications for the evolution of the Dwyka Group 42 3.6 Conclusions 46 3.7 References 47 4 Study II: The evolution of the southern Namibian Karoo-aged basins: Implications from detrital zircon geochronologic and geochemistry data 63 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Geology of the Aranos and Karasburg basins 66 4.3 Tectonic and structural framework of the southern African Karoo aged basins 70 4.4 Methods 71 4.5 Results 75 4.6 Discussion 80 4.6.1 Timing of the Formation of the Aranos and Karasburg basins 80 4.6.2 Provenance and evolution of the upper Paleozoic Aranos and Karasburg basins 85 4.6.3 Implications for the Karoo-aged basin sedimentary record 93 4.7 Conclusions 95 4.8 References 98 5 Study III: Mesozoic deposits of SW Gondwana (Namibia): Unravelling Gondwanan sedimentary dispersion drivers by detrital zircon 109 5.1 Introduction 110 5.2 Geological background 113 5.2.1 Evolution of the southwestern Gondwanan Mesozoic successions 113 5.2.2 Namibian Mesozoic successions 117 5.3 Methods 120 5.4 Results 123 5.5 Discussion 130 5.5.1 Protosources of the sediments 130 5.5.2 Recycling dynamics of the Mesozoic sediments 133 5.6 Conclusions 139 5.7 References 140 6 Study IV: Tracing southern Gondwanan sedimentary paths: A case study of northern Namibian Karoo-aged sedimentary rocks 153 6.1 Introduction 154 6.2 Geological setting 156 6.2.1 SW Gondwanan rifting history and sediment dispersal 156 6.2.2 The northern Namibian Karoo-aged Huab Basin and Kunene section 157 6.3 Methods 161 6.4 Results 165 6.5 Discussion 175 6.5.1 Timing of deposition of the Huab Basin strata 175 6.5.2 Protosources of the sediments 176 6.5.3 Detrital zircon grain morphology and isotope analysis 178 6.5.4 The northern Namibian Karoo-aged basins within the southern Gondwanan framework 185 6.6 Conclusions 186 6.7 References 187 7 Conclusions and outlook 199 8 Supplements 201

Ammonoids were collected from the Chainman Formation (Mississippian) of southeastern Nevada and southwestern Utah, the Phosphoria Formation (Permian) of southeastern Idaho and westernmost Wyoming, and the Thaynes Formation (Triassic) of northeastern Nevada and southeastern Idaho. The collections are interpreted to represent unwinnowed, untransported death assemblages of ammonoids which were subject to chemical conditions of the nekto-benthic environment. Associated lithologies were sampled and geochemically analyzed for content of phosphate and organic matter. Ammonoid fossil collections, combined with ammonoids ilustrated in the literature, were subjected to the graphical W and D analysis of Raup (1967). The basic parameteres involved in the description of shell-coiling geometry are whorl expansion rate, W, and the distance of the generating curve from the axis of coiling of the shell, D. Values of W determined range from 1.32 to 3.96, which correspond to slight and rapid increases in whorl height during coiling. Values of D determined range from 0.02 to 0.55, which correspond to extremes of involute and evolute coiling· geometries, respectively. Body chamber length corresponds with shell coiling geometry. Values determined in this study range from 10° to 540°. Corresponding W values are 3.96 and 1.50, whereas corresponding D values are 0.02 and 0.40, respectively. Average body chamber length in analyzed ammonoids is observed to decrease from 297° to 209° from Mississippian to Triassic time. Increase in apertural area accompanied this trend, and a possible consequence was that a greater range of prey sizes was afforded ammonoids with shorter body chambers. Life-orientation, described as the angle between the apertural plane and the gravitational vector, is calculated entirely on shell form and other geometrical considerations. Recent observations concerning Nautilus, combined with fossil evidence of epizoan encrustation suggest that ammonoids had an ability to control orientation, which is not observed from preservable morphology. From Mississippian to Triassic time, no trends in reconstructed life-orientation can be substantiated, based solely on Wand D values. Rotational stability during directed locomotion is important for conservation of the energy budget of this nektonic carnivorous organ­ ism. This property is calculated by the distance between the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity of the ammonoid. Values deter­ mined range from .04 (very unstable) to .16 (very stable). Corres­ ponding W values are 1.50 and 4.00 where corresponding D values are 0.20 and 0.02, respectively. A trend toward increasing average rota­tional stability (.07 to .10) is noted for amrnonoids from Mississippian to Triassic time. Efficiency in the utilization of calcium carbonate is the ratio of internal volume of the shell to volume of shell material. Values determined range from 5.80 to 7.25. Corresponding W values are 4.00 and 1.50, corresponding D values are 0.02 and 0.54, respectively. Abundant ammonoids found in black, phosphatic limestones rich in organic matter have an average efficiency value of 6.2. Abundant ammonoids from corresponding light-colored crystalline carbonates have an average efficiency value of 6.02, and indicate no correlation between effi­ciency and abundance. Size-frequency distributions are utilized in recognition of oppor­tunistic species of ammonoids. High numerical abundance, high mortality rate of juveniles, small size and conservation of calcium carbonate typifies the paleo-opportunistic species Cravenoceras, Psuedogastrio­ceras and Ophiceras. Biovolume-relative abundance distributions are useful in discerning the carrying capacity of the habitat both in number of individuals and species diversity. A large area under the biovolume-relative abun­dance profile indicates diversification under optimum environmental conditions; a small area under the profile indicates colonization of a stressful habitat. The Chainman, Phosphoria and Thaynes (Columbites Zone) Formations have ammonoid assemblages which show small areas under the biovolume-relative abundance profile, characteristic of anoxic environmental stress. The Permian stratigraphic units correlative with the Phosphoria Formation have ammonoid assemblages which show large areas under the profile and the associated lithologies, i.e., light­ gray,crystalline carbonates, suggest environments which could support a diversified ammonoid fauna, including large-sized species. Ontogenetic variation produces changes in the body chamber length, life orientation, rotational stability, and utilization of calcium carbonate of the analyzed genera of ammonoids. These ontogenetic variations usually resulted in the development of more involute shell-coiling geometries. Corresponding size-frequency distributions suggest increased mortality rates during ontogeny for some genera (Paracravenoceras, Medlicottia) which show decreasing efficiency in the utilization of calcium carbonate. (182 pages)

Orientador: Guillermo Rafael Beltran Navarro / Resumo: A Formação Corumbataí é uma unidade sedimentar pelítica a psamo-pelítica de idade permiana, pertencente à Supersequência Gondwana I da Bacia do Paraná, sobre a qual poucos estudos foram realizados quanto à proveniência e suas implicações paleoambientais. Este trabalho visa preencher estas lacunas, apresentando correlações de composição e de proveniência entre seções aflorantes da Formação Corumbataí nos município de Rio Claro (SP), Santa Rosa de Viterbo (SP) e Mineiros (GO), e uma seção aflorante da Formação Serra Alta (Permiano da Bacia do Paraná, correlacionável com a base da Formação Corumbataí) no município de Cesário Lange (SP), bem como suas implicações paleoclimáticas, paleogeográficas e possíveis implicações na compreensão dos mecanismos de abertura do Atlântico Sul. Os dados mostram que as rochas permianas sobrejacentes à Formação Irati que ocorrem nas áreas de estudo são classificadas quimicamente com mais frequência como “wackes” e litoarenitos, formados por sedimentos derivados predominantemente de rochas sedimentares e/ou metassedimentares e ígneas ácidas, com a região de Cesário Lange discordando das demais regiões por indicar contribuição exclusiva de rochas supracrustais. Em se tratando das amostras da Formação Corumbataí, a maturidade química e textural aumenta de norte em direção a sul, bem como o grau de submissão dos sedimentos originais ao processo de reciclagem sedimentar. As rochas sedimentares foram depositadas em ambientes tectonicamente quiescentes, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Corumbataí Formation is a pelitic to psammo-pelitic sedimentary unit of Permian age, belonging to the Gondwana I Supersequence of the Paraná Basin, about which few studies have been conducted regarding its provenance and its paleoenvironmental implications. This work aims to fill these gaps, presenting correlations of composition and provenance between outcropping sections of the Corumbataí Formation in the municipalities of Rio Claro (SP), Santa Rosa de Viterbo (SP) and Mineiros (GO), and an outcropping section of the Serra Alta Formation (Permian of the Paraná Basin, correlated with the base of the Corumbataí Formation) in the municipality of Cesário Lange (SP), as well as its paleoclimatic and paleogeographic implications and possible implications in the understanding of the opening mechanisms of the South Atlantic. The data show that the Permian rocks overlying the Irati Formation that occur in the study areas are most commonly chemically classified as “wackes” and lithoarenites, formed by sediments derived predominantly from sedimentary and/or metasedimentary and acidic igneous rocks, with Cesário Lange region disagreeing with the other regions as it indicates exclusive contribution of supracrustal rocks. Regarding the Corumbataí Formation samples, the chemical and textural maturity increases from north to south, as well as the degree of submission of the original sediments to the sedimentary recycling process. The sedimentary rocks have been deposited in tectonicall... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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