Den här uppsatsen handlar om det som inom västerländsk konstmusik benämns interpretation eller tolkning, d.v.s. den process som börjar med artistens studium av musikverkets noterade förlaga och slutar med det klingande resultatet. Uppsatsens fokus är det sistnämnda – artistens musikaliska gestaltning av ett verk. Syftet är att studera det estetiska spänningsfält som finns inom interpretationskonsten: å ena sidan hyllas det personliga och unika; å andra sidan finns konventioner om vad som är rätt och fel i en tolkning. Materialet för uppsatsens undersökning är fyra världspianisters inspelningar av Frédéric Chopins postuma Nocturne KK IVa Nr.16 i ciss-moll. Pianisterna är Wladyslaw Szpilman, Claudio Arrau, Roland Pöntinen och Garrick Ohlsson. Undersökningen är komparativ; de fyra pianisternas inspelningar jämförs utifrån ett antal förutbestämda variabler med målsättningen att dels få grepp om den personliga dimensionen i deras interpretationer, dels fastställa eventuella gemensamheter i desamma. Det sistnämnda skulle då kunna betraktas som exempel på interpretationskonventioner, vilka sätter gränser för det personliga i en tolkning. Den musikanalytiska metod som används är den auditiva musikanalysen, d.v.s. analysen utgår från ett aktivt lyssnande på musikens förlopp. Chopins noterade förlaga utgör dock en viktig referens. Resultatet av interpretationsanalyserna visar att de fyra pianisterna gör fyra olika, personligt färgade tolkningar av Chopins komposition. Men de visar samtidigt att mycket av det ”personliga” sker inom ramar för musikaliska ställningstaganden som verkar vara gemensamma för de fyra. Här är det motiverat att tala om interpretationskonventioner i frågan om Chopins pianomusik. Men då inspelningarna är hämtade från en tidsperiod på närmare 60 år vore begreppet interpretationstradition lika korrekt. Slutsatsen blir att de fyra pianisternas personligt färgade tolkningar är resultatet av individuella förhållningssätt till såväl det noterade som till icke-noterade interpretationstraditioner. Uppsatsen visar också att konstmusikens ”notbundenhet” ändå öppnar för stor personlig variation, liksom att det inom genren existerar ”gehörstraditioner” där var och en sätter sin prägel utifrån det som han eller hon har hört andra göra. / This paper deals with what we in Western Art music call interpretation or practice, that is, the process that begins with the artists’ study of the notated model of the musical piece and ends with the sounding result. The focus of the paper is the latter - the artists’ musical performance of a piece. The purpose is to study the aesthetical divergence that is contained within the art of interpretation: on one hand the personal and unique is celebrated; on the other hand there are conventions about what is considered right and wrong in an interpretation. The material that is used in the study is four recordings by world-class pianists of Frédéric Chopin’s posthumous Nocturne KK IVa Nr.16 in C sharp minor. The pianists are Wladyslaw Szpilman, Claudio Arrau, Roland Pöntinen and Garrick Ohlsson. The investigation is comparative; the recordings of the four pianists are compared from several predetermined variables with the goal on one hand being to understand the personal dimension of their interpretations and on the other hand, to define possible commonalities of the same. Thus, the latter could be regarded as an example of conventions of interpretation, which define the boundaries regarding the personal dimension of an interpretation. The method of musical analysis that is used is the auditive musical analysis, that is, the analysis is based upon an active listening to the sequence of the music. However, Chopin’s notated model makes for an important reference. The result of the interpretation analyses indicates that the four pianists make four different, individual interpretations of Chopin’s composition. At the same time, however, they demonstrate that the personal dimension in an interpretation takes place within the boundaries regarding musical standpoints that the four pianists seem to have in common. Here, it is justified to talk about conventions of interpretation regarding the piano music of Chopin. However, because the recordings are collected from a period of almost 60 years, it would also be sufficient to talk about tradition of interpretation. The conclusion is that the individual interpretations of the four pianists are the results of individual approaches to the notated as well as non-notated traditions of interpretation. The paper also shows that the constraints of notation within art music still leave room for great individual variation, and that “by ear- traditions” exist within the genre, in which everyone personalizes the piece based upon what he or she has heard others do.

A dissertação que ora se apresenta estuda aspectos relativos à formação e ao exercício do trabalho docente, em particular os ligados às dimensões pessoais e às identidades dos professores. Um tipo especial de fontes foi examinado para que se conheçam elementos considerados importantes pelos docentes no exercício de seu ofício. Trata-se de livros que facilitam conhecimentos e fornecem conselhos práticos aos professores, constituindo quase uma literatura de autoajuda pedagógica e procurando apelar para dimensões subjetivas envolvidas no trabalho docente. No caso do presente estudo foram analisados alguns livros voltados a professores de autoria de Augusto Cury e Gabriel Chalita. Dentre os objetivos da pesquisa destacaram-se: estudar a produção e circulação das obras voltadas a professores de ambos os autores; estudar a posição dos seus autores no campo intelectual e educacional; analisar as características internas das obras selecionadas; conhecer as modalidades de apropriação das leituras dessas obras pelos professores; contribuir para as análises acerca dos conhecimentos produzidos no campo educacional com vistas à formação/aperfeiçoamento dos professores. Para concretizar tais objetivos recorreu-se à análise dos livros, às entrevistas com professores e à entrevista com um dos autores das obras estudadas. A investigação nos permitiu apontar características dessas obras quando voltadas para a educação, já que, essas guardam formas própria de tratar questões. Também foi possível indicar a posição ocupada, inserção e possibilidade de trânsito de seus autores nos campos educacional, religioso e político, bem como, constatar a existência de discrepância entre os objetivos dos autores e dos professores leitores em relação aos objetivos dos livros. / The present dissertation studies the relative aspects concerning teachers formation and its exercise, mainly linked to personal dimensions and their characteristic identity. A special kind of sources were investigated in order to know elements considered as important by teachers during the execution of their labor. These sources were books that facilitate knowledge and offer practical advice to teachers making up a nearly pedagogical literature of self-help trying to appeal to subjective dimensions involved in the teaching practice. In the present study were used books aimed at teachers authored by Augusto Cury and Gabriel Chalita. Among the objectives for this research highlighted: To study the production and circulation of both authors works; to study the position of authors in the educational and intellectual field; to analyze the internal characteristics of the selected works; to know the appropriation modalities of these works readings by teachers; to contribute with the analysis about the produced knowledge in the educational field with the purpose of the formation/improvement of teachers. To be able to fulfill such objectives, books were analyzed and the interviews with some teachers and one of the authors were used. This research allowed pointing out some characteristics of the authors works when aimed at education because they keep own ways of dealing with issues. It was also possible to indicate the position occupied by authors as well as their insertion and possibility of transit in the educational, religious and politic fields. Besides it was verified the existence of discrepancies between the purposes of the authors and those of teachers related to books´ objectives.

A dissertação que ora se apresenta estuda aspectos relativos à formação e ao exercício do trabalho docente, em particular os ligados às dimensões pessoais e às identidades dos professores. Um tipo especial de fontes foi examinado para que se conheçam elementos considerados importantes pelos docentes no exercício de seu ofício. Trata-se de livros que facilitam conhecimentos e fornecem conselhos práticos aos professores, constituindo quase uma literatura de autoajuda pedagógica e procurando apelar para dimensões subjetivas envolvidas no trabalho docente. No caso do presente estudo foram analisados alguns livros voltados a professores de autoria de Augusto Cury e Gabriel Chalita. Dentre os objetivos da pesquisa destacaram-se: estudar a produção e circulação das obras voltadas a professores de ambos os autores; estudar a posição dos seus autores no campo intelectual e educacional; analisar as características internas das obras selecionadas; conhecer as modalidades de apropriação das leituras dessas obras pelos professores; contribuir para as análises acerca dos conhecimentos produzidos no campo educacional com vistas à formação/aperfeiçoamento dos professores. Para concretizar tais objetivos recorreu-se à análise dos livros, às entrevistas com professores e à entrevista com um dos autores das obras estudadas. A investigação nos permitiu apontar características dessas obras quando voltadas para a educação, já que, essas guardam formas própria de tratar questões. Também foi possível indicar a posição ocupada, inserção e possibilidade de trânsito de seus autores nos campos educacional, religioso e político, bem como, constatar a existência de discrepância entre os objetivos dos autores e dos professores leitores em relação aos objetivos dos livros. / The present dissertation studies the relative aspects concerning teachers formation and its exercise, mainly linked to personal dimensions and their characteristic identity. A special kind of sources were investigated in order to know elements considered as important by teachers during the execution of their labor. These sources were books that facilitate knowledge and offer practical advice to teachers making up a nearly pedagogical literature of self-help trying to appeal to subjective dimensions involved in the teaching practice. In the present study were used books aimed at teachers authored by Augusto Cury and Gabriel Chalita. Among the objectives for this research highlighted: To study the production and circulation of both authors works; to study the position of authors in the educational and intellectual field; to analyze the internal characteristics of the selected works; to know the appropriation modalities of these works readings by teachers; to contribute with the analysis about the produced knowledge in the educational field with the purpose of the formation/improvement of teachers. To be able to fulfill such objectives, books were analyzed and the interviews with some teachers and one of the authors were used. This research allowed pointing out some characteristics of the authors works when aimed at education because they keep own ways of dealing with issues. It was also possible to indicate the position occupied by authors as well as their insertion and possibility of transit in the educational, religious and politic fields. Besides it was verified the existence of discrepancies between the purposes of the authors and those of teachers related to books´ objectives.