In negotiation it is important to claim the most value, but also to establish positive regard in the social relationship. It may be particularly difficult for women to meet both these instrumental and relational demands, as negative stereotypes about women convey that masculine qualities are more beneficial than feminine qualities in negotiation (Kray & Thompson, 2005). When stereotypes about individuals are made salient in evaluative contexts this can induce identity threat--the apprehension about being judged on the basis of stereotypes (Steele & Aronson, 1995). The current studies examine how identity threat affects speech communication processes, relational connection, and instrumental outcomes in negotiations. In particular, the studies examine how women and men use speech accommodation in negotiations, as nonconscious speech accommodation is associated with affiliation and feelings of social connection (Aguilar, Downey, Krauss, Pardo, & Bolger, 2011). In two studies I found that heightened gender-based identity threat affected speech accommodation in dyadic negotiations. Within same-gender dyads (Study 1) dispositional sensitivity to gender-based rejection in traditionally male settings (RS-gender) affected speech accommodation under identity threat (London, Romero-Canyas, Downey, Rattan & Tyson, 2011). Presumably, women higher in RS-gender, who are concerned about being judged on the basis of gender in social-evaluative situations, were in a heightened threat state when faced with an explicit reminder about gender stereotypes in negotiation. When gender identity threat was explicitly neutralized, there were no differences in actors' or partners' speech accommodation based on RS-gender. When explicitly exposed to gender identity threat, women higher in RS-gender in showed less speech accommodation, while women lower in RS-gender use more speech accommodation. Also, partners of women higher in RS-gender exhibited more speech accommodation than partners of women lower in RS-gender under threat. Within mixed-gender dyads (Study 2) when gender identity threat was explicitly neutralized, men accommodated marginally less than women; however when women were exposed explicitly to gender-based identity threat, males increased speech accommodation to female negotiation partners. Females did not show differential speech accommodation between the threat and no threat conditions, and specifically, did not reciprocate male partners' increased accommodation while under threat. Higher levels of speech accommodation were paralleled by higher levels of partner perceived social connection, although the links between speech accommodation and connection differed across same and mixed-gender dyads. Identity threat also influenced interpersonal impressions and undercut women's instrumental outcomes in mixed-gender dyads. I argue that identity threat can affect communication processes in ways that go unnoticed and may affect women's advancement in traditionally male domains such as negotiation.

The present research explored associations between potential antecedents of subordinate learning agility and subordinate performance (perceived manager coaching behavior, subordinate learning goal orientation, and perceived manager-subordinate psychological safety). Two studies were conducted: one in a healthcare organization and another using crowd-sourced data. Findings demonstrated significant associations between study constructs. Specifically, structural equation modeling and regression results demonstrated that perceived manager coaching behavior was associated with perceived manager-subordinate psychological safety and with subordinate learning agility. Analyses also established that subordinate learning goal orientation was associated with subordinate learning agility. Additionally, results demonstrated that perceived manager-subordinate psychological safety was associated with subordinate learning agility. Finally, results did not verify an association between subordinate learning agility and subordinate performance, although this may have been due to methodological issues rather than empirical ones. Future research should assess causal mechanisms, other antecedents, and contextual elements such as the level of change in an organization. A fuller study of these constructs may provide more understanding of the importance of learning agility in the workplace. Implications for organizations are discussed.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist der Entwurf einer theologisch fundierten und empirisch-psychologisch evidenten Persönlichkeitstheorie. Sie soll christologisch verankert sein. Dazu wird zunächst mit Paul Tillich, Dietrich Bonhoeffer und Helmut Thielicke vor dem biblisch-theologischen Hintergrund des Noahbunds die grundsätzliche Doppelseitigkeit der menschlichen Existenz aufgezeigt. In der postlapsalischen Erhaltungsordnung herrschen Sünde und Tod vor, aber die Schöpfungsrealität bleibt fragmentarisch bewahrt, so dass psychosoziale und spirituelle Gesundheit unter dem Vorbehalt der Vorläufigkeit möglich ist. Um diese zu erlangen, muss der Mensch zur adäquaten Befriedigung seiner Bedürfnisse finden. Dies geschieht nur unter dem Primat der Verantwortlichkeit. Verantwortlichkeit beinhaltet, dass der Mensch in die Schuld gestellt ist. Schuld und Verantwortlichkeit besitzen ontologische Tiefe. Der Sünde wegen ist der Mensch bestrebt, sein Leben nicht vor Gott verantworten zu müssen. Sein Verhältnis zu Gott ist von Angst bestimmt. Dies hat Paul Tillich in seiner Ontologie der Angst entfaltet. Die Versuche des Menschen, die existenzielle Angst der Gottentfremdung zu objektivieren, hat Søren Kierkegaard mit den vier Grundformen der Verzweiflung beschrieben. Ihr psychopathologisches Äquivalent sind die von Fritz Riemann überlieferten vier Grundformen der Angst. Diese drei Modelle der dunklen Seite menschlicher Persönlichkeit sind deckungsgleich. Die Doppelseitigkeit der menschlichen Existenz impliziert, dass die Kehrseite der existenziellen Angst das existenzielle Bedürfnis ist. Die Bedürfniskonstrukte von Fiedler, Epstein und Grawe, die aus dem gegenwärtigen Erkenntnisstand der Persönlichkeitsforschung unter Einbezug der Neuropsychologie hervorgehen, erweisen sich in diesem Sinne als auffallend deckungsgleich mit den Modellen der dunklen Seite. Daraus ergibt sich ein holistisches Persönlichkeitsmodell, das die negative Determiniertheit durch die Sünde und die positive durch die Grundbedürfnisse, das ontologische Bedürfnis nach Spiritualität eingeschlossen, als unlösliche Einheit aufweist. Der gemeinsame Nenner dieser Modelle scheint sich auch allmählich in der Persönlichkeitsdiagnostik durchzusetzen. / The aim of this paper is the outline of a theologically founded and empirically-psychologically reasonable theory of personality. It shall be christologically anchored. For this purpose at first with Paul Tillich, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Helmut Thielicke the fundamental double-sidedness of human existence in front of the biblical-theological background of the noachitic covenant is pointed out. Within the divine conserving order after the fall of man sin and death dominate, but the reality of the order of creation is fragmentarilly saved as well, so that psychosocial and spiritual health, with reservation of preliminarity, is possible. To achieve it, man must get to the adequate satisfaction of his needs. This can only happen under the dominance of responsibility. Responsibility contains being put into debt and therefore being guilty as well. Guilt and responsibility own ontological depth. As the result of sin man tries to avoid responsibility in the presence of God. His relation to God is determined by anxiety. That's what Paul Tillich pointed out by his ontology of anxiety. The attempts of man trying to overcome the existencial anxiety under the alienation from God Søren Kierkegaard has described by the four fundamental forms of desperation. Their psychopathological equivalent are the four fundamental forms of anxiety, which Fritz Riemann described. These three models of the dark side of human existence are congruent. The double-sidedness of human existence contains that the other side of existencial anxiety is existencial need. The need-models of Fiedler, Epstein and Grawe, which result from the present state of personality-research under regard of neuropsychology, show significant congruence with the models of the dark side. This leads to an holistic model of personality, which demonstrates the negative determination by sin and the positive one by the fundamental needs, including the ontological spiritual need, as an insoluble unit. The common denominator of these models gradually seems to prevail in the field of personality-diagnostic as well. / Abstract in German and English / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Effective monitoring and control over one’s thinking, or effective metacognition, is a central component to many cognitive tasks and thus is essential to optimize learning (Metcalfe, 1993; Paul, 1992; Reder, 1987; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schneider & Lockl, 2002; Simon & Newell, 1971; Willingham, 2007). Many factors impact how strategies are implemented. We know a good deal about the cognitive variables that affect implementation of cognitive strategies, but nothing about personality or motivational traits that contribute to effective metacognitive strategy use. This study aimed to explore and clarify the relationship between personality traits, implicit theories of intelligence (Dweck, 1999) and metacognitive control over study time allocation and subsequent test performance. The independent variables included the personality traits described in the Five Factor model (McCrae & Costa, 1997; Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) and participants’ implicit theories of intelligence (entity or incremental theory), as well as one between-subjects factor, which was time allotted to study passages, or time pressure (High Time Pressure vs. Low Time Pressure). The dependent variables included test performance and metacognitive strategy used. This study used a study-time allocation paradigm similar to the design used in the Son and Metcalfe (2000) study, where participants first ranked passages based on difficulty and interest, then studied the passages under either high or low time pressure. Participants were tested on their understanding of the material after studying. Participants also completed self-report measures of personality and implicit theories of intelligence. Primary findings revealed that participants high on Conscientiousness allocated more study-time to passages judged as interesting compared to participants who were average or low on Conscientiousness. Additionally, when faced with time constraints, participants who identified with an incremental theory of intelligence were more likely to allocate study-time to passages judged as interesting compared to participants who did not identify with an incremental theory of intelligence. Openness was positively related to test performance, and Extraversion was negatively related to test performance. Lastly, the trait Openness was significantly related to having an incremental theory of intelligence.

This project consists of three distinct, but sequential studies that explore the psychological factors and neuropathological substrates of metacognition or self-awareness among older adults. Study 1 examines the premorbid, psychological characteristics associated with metamemory—the mainstay of metacognitive research—in a healthy, community-dwelling cohort of older adults. Study 2 builds on these analyses, and examines the psychological characteristics associated with metacognition, more broadly, in a neurologic cohort of older adults with Essential Tremor (ET). Study 3, which utilizes post-mortem evaluations of participants from Study 2, goes beyond premorbid characteristics and examines whether distortions in metacognition are in part attributable to an underlying disease process. Findings demonstrated that psychological characteristics were associated with metacognitive accuracy in a healthy, community-dwelling cohort of older adults, but not among individuals with ET; further, distortions in metacognition among individuals with ET were better attributable to non-ET specific pathologies, such as amyloid β, neurofibrillary tangles, and regional-specific atrophy. This project underscores the importance of employing a biopsychosocial approach to understanding the factors that influence metacognition. Ultimately, by understanding and working effectively with awareness phenomena, there is a strong potential to reduce disability and enhance well-being.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist der Entwurf einer theologisch fundierten und empirisch-psychologisch evidenten Persönlichkeitstheorie. Sie soll christologisch verankert sein. Dazu wird zunächst mit Paul Tillich, Dietrich Bonhoeffer und Helmut Thielicke vor dem biblisch-theologischen Hintergrund des Noahbunds die grundsätzliche Doppelseitigkeit der menschlichen Existenz aufgezeigt. In der postlapsalischen Erhaltungsordnung herrschen Sünde und Tod vor, aber die Schöpfungsrealität bleibt fragmentarisch bewahrt, so dass psychosoziale und spirituelle Gesundheit unter dem Vorbehalt der Vorläufigkeit möglich ist. Um diese zu erlangen, muss der Mensch zur adäquaten Befriedigung seiner Bedürfnisse finden. Dies geschieht nur unter dem Primat der Verantwortlichkeit. Verantwortlichkeit beinhaltet, dass der Mensch in die Schuld gestellt ist. Schuld und Verantwortlichkeit besitzen ontologische Tiefe. Der Sünde wegen ist der Mensch bestrebt, sein Leben nicht vor Gott verantworten zu müssen. Sein Verhältnis zu Gott ist von Angst bestimmt. Dies hat Paul Tillich in seiner Ontologie der Angst entfaltet. Die Versuche des Menschen, die existenzielle Angst der Gottentfremdung zu objektivieren, hat Søren Kierkegaard mit den vier Grundformen der Verzweiflung beschrieben. Ihr psychopathologisches Äquivalent sind die von Fritz Riemann überlieferten vier Grundformen der Angst. Diese drei Modelle der dunklen Seite menschlicher Persönlichkeit sind deckungsgleich. Die Doppelseitigkeit der menschlichen Existenz impliziert, dass die Kehrseite der existenziellen Angst das existenzielle Bedürfnis ist. Die Bedürfniskonstrukte von Fiedler, Epstein und Grawe, die aus dem gegenwärtigen Erkenntnisstand der Persönlichkeitsforschung unter Einbezug der Neuropsychologie hervorgehen, erweisen sich in diesem Sinne als auffallend deckungsgleich mit den Modellen der dunklen Seite. Daraus ergibt sich ein holistisches Persönlichkeitsmodell, das die negative Determiniertheit durch die Sünde und die positive durch die Grundbedürfnisse, das ontologische Bedürfnis nach Spiritualität eingeschlossen, als unlösliche Einheit aufweist. Der gemeinsame Nenner dieser Modelle scheint sich auch allmählich in der Persönlichkeitsdiagnostik durchzusetzen. / The aim of this paper is the outline of a theologically founded and empirically-psychologically reasonable theory of personality. It shall be christologically anchored. For this purpose at first with Paul Tillich, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Helmut Thielicke the fundamental double-sidedness of human existence in front of the biblical-theological background of the noachitic covenant is pointed out. Within the divine conserving order after the fall of man sin and death dominate, but the reality of the order of creation is fragmentarilly saved as well, so that psychosocial and spiritual health, with reservation of preliminarity, is possible. To achieve it, man must get to the adequate satisfaction of his needs. This can only happen under the dominance of responsibility. Responsibility contains being put into debt and therefore being guilty as well. Guilt and responsibility own ontological depth. As the result of sin man tries to avoid responsibility in the presence of God. His relation to God is determined by anxiety. That's what Paul Tillich pointed out by his ontology of anxiety. The attempts of man trying to overcome the existencial anxiety under the alienation from God Søren Kierkegaard has described by the four fundamental forms of desperation. Their psychopathological equivalent are the four fundamental forms of anxiety, which Fritz Riemann described. These three models of the dark side of human existence are congruent. The double-sidedness of human existence contains that the other side of existencial anxiety is existencial need. The need-models of Fiedler, Epstein and Grawe, which result from the present state of personality-research under regard of neuropsychology, show significant congruence with the models of the dark side. This leads to an holistic model of personality, which demonstrates the negative determination by sin and the positive one by the fundamental needs, including the ontological spiritual need, as an insoluble unit. The common denominator of these models gradually seems to prevail in the field of personality-diagnostic as well. / Abstract in German and English / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

D.Litt.et Phil. / This study investigated the personality and mood characteristics of golf players at four different levels of competency. The role played by personality factors in sport and sport performance, was actively researched between 1950 and 1980, especially in the U.S.A. and Europe. Since then, research in the field of sport psychology has focused more on aspects like anxiety, motivation, attribution and arousal. A study of the available literature shows that the role of personality factors in sport has not been researched and identified satisfactorily, mostly as a result of methodological problems experienced in earlier studies. There has thus been a move away from this subject before the methodological problems could be solved properly, or the field of study be explored completely. Local research in this area is limited and available studies often display the same methodological inconsistencies as those incurred in the U.S.A. and Europe. Golf is seen as a sport in which psychological factors play a substantial role. Only a few studies that address these aspects in golf were found. However, in none of these the unique nature of golf was taken into account or integrated into the results in a satisfactory manner. Even though the literature confirms the existence of typical personality profiles for motor racers and soccer players, no such profile has been identified for golf players. The value of such a profile extends over a wide front, which includes counselling, career planning, enhanced performance and timely remedial interventions. One hundred and sixty nine golf players at four different levels of competency namely professional, provincial, club champions and ordinary club players were evaluated with the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The data was analized statistically with the use of multivariate and univariate measures as well as intercorrelations. Various significant differences were identified between the four groups. A personality and mood profile was identified for each group. The profiles of the professional and the provincial groups differed meaningfully from those of the other two groups and the norms for the normal population. In terms of mood characteristics, both these groups displayed the "iceberg profile" which indicates below average scores on tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion and an above average score on vigour. Mood characteristics that feature prominently in top performance was identified from this. The most important personality characteristics identified were emotional stability, tough-mindedness, assertiveness, a practical orientation, self-sufficiency, self-control and a low level of resting tension. In conclusion, recommendations are made and a critique delivered of the study.

For the mental health professional, the client with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) can be exciting, exhausting and frustrating. Formal education offers little help in treatment and diagnosis of this disorder. This paper will explore the most utilized treatment goals available to the professional and the client. Although most "experts" in the field of Dissociative Disorders subscribe to the treatment goal of integration, this study challenges that idea. As the results of the study indicate, integration was not the most utilized goal of treatment among the participants of this study.

The research investigates whether the extent to which we experience co-creating a joint agreement or commonality of an inner state with others benefits our relations and psychological welfare. By leveraging shared reality theory and the concept of co-creation, we propose that higher co-creation with others increases psychological well-being, meaning in life, self-concept, and relationship quality with co-creation partners. We provide empirical support across six studies (sample size N=1532) through correlational and experimental data. First, we test people’s perception of the role played by shared reality co-creation in their lives. Studies 1, 2, and 3 examine the association of individuals’ perception of shared reality co-creation with several interpersonal and intrapersonal variables such as relational outcomes, psychological welfare variables, engagement with their work, and commitment to their organization. We measure individuals’ perception of co-creating an agreement about relevant topics with single partners and small groups. We follow up with two five-day diary studies (Studies 4a and 4b) to show how the degree of shared reality co-creation about a relevant topic with close others is associated with fluctuating mental health and well-being outcomes. Finally, in Study 5, we manipulate dyads’ level of decision co-creation and demonstrate how the degree to which a shared agreement is co-created with a partner impacts relational outcomes and affects individuals’ behavior towards the partner. In the investigation, we also explore the role of generalized shared reality—the commonality of thoughts with others about the world in general—in mediating co-creation effects, and present future directions and implications for potential applied applications.

An exploratory study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between personality preference groupings, as described by Jung’s (1959) type theory, and emotional intelligence, as measured by Bar-On’s emotional intelligence quotient (Bar-On, 1997). The sample group consisted of 1 121 recruitment candidates for a South African investment bank. The sixteen personality types, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, were represented in the sample. The statistical analysis conducted for this study included comparison of means, correlation analysis and analysis of variance. The results indicated statistically significant relationships between the preferences of Extroversion, Judgement, their combined preference grouping and emotional intelligence. No statistically significant relationships were found between the preference groupings of Intuition and Thinking, Sensing and Thinking, Intuition and Feeling, and Sensing and Feeling. The preferred Feeling preference type consistently scored the lowest in terms of emotional intelligence scores. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology