Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, December 2009. / Electronic version restricted until 18th December 2014.

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Olu phando luza kuphendla ubugcisa bokusetyenziswa kwezicengo ekutshintsheni izimvo, iinkolo nokuziphatha kwabantu. Kuza kugxilwa kakhulu kwiinjongo noxinzelelo lwazo kuba zingunozala wezicengo. Kuza kugocwagocwa ‘Amaza’ kaQangule kwakunye no ‘UDike noCikizwa’ kaMmango. Apha kwezi ncwadi kuza kuhlutywa ukuba ulwimi olucengayo luyasetyenziswa ngabantu abantetho isisiXhosa, nokuba imingangatho eyinqobo (values), inkcubeko, nengqeqesho (socialization) zidlala indima enkulu kulwimi olucengayo. Isahluko sokuqala salo msebenzi siza kunika amagqabantshintshi ngolu phando. Esi sahluko siqulathe: Intshayelelo; Iingxaki zophando; Iinjongo zophando; Ukubaluleka kolu phando; Okusele kubhaliwe ngezicengo; Ingcaciso magama. Isahluko sesibini siqulathe iingcingane zolwimi olucengayo, abasunguli bazo, nemisebenzi yabo. Isahluko sesithathu siqwalasele ukusetyenziswa kwezicengo kwiincwadi ezichongiweyo. Isahluko sesine sijonge ubugcisa bokusetyenziswa kolwimi olucengayo kwizihlobo nakwiintsapho. Kwalapha, kujongwe nokusetyenziswa kolwimi oluchubekileyo ngamadoda nabafazi, igunya, umyalezo ocalanye kwakunye nokunikezela. Isahluko sesihlanu nesisesokugqibela – sishwankathela iziphumo zophando kukwanikwa neengcebiso.

Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examined persuasion in selected drama texts from the literary period 1981 to 2006. The selection was organised through the examination of two such texts in each of the following three periods: • 1981–1989: Le ka nketsang and Mpowane • 1990–1999: Bana ba khomo tsa batho and Tsiketsing sa qomatsi • 2000–2006: Ha le fahloe habeli and Leholimo la phetloa Since persuasion is a relatively new topic in literature, particularly in African languages, the study examined the persuasion strategies used in the selected texts. These strategies either entail persuasion applied purely as an upfront aspect for changing the targets’ attitudes, behaviours, beliefs or opinions or entail certain situations during which the persuaders, as literary characters, employ another type (or types) of persuasion – coercion, manipulation or propaganda – in order to change the targets. The main thrust of this thesis was the persuasive tactics or techniques that might be applied by literary characters in an attempt to stimulate change in other literary characters. The study also examined whether additional persuasive interactions are employed to motivate change in others and whether counter-persuasive actions are employed to resist the proposed change. Chapter One introduces the aspect of persuasion as propounded by persuasion practitioners and experts and gives the framework of the study as a whole. Chapter Two initiates the literature review on the goals-plans-action (GPA) model as part of the psychological theories on persuasive messages produced by various interactants. This model presupposes reasons for persuaders to create certain plans for achieving their goals. Chapter Three is concerned with Le ka nketsang and Mpowane as the selected 1981 to 1989 drama texts. Chapter Four concentrates on Bana ba khomo tsa batho and Tsiketsing sa qomatsi from the 1990 to 1999 literary period. Chapter Five deals with the literary period 2000 to 2006 and analyses the two drama texts Ha le fahloe habeli and Leholimo la phetloa. Chapter Six draws a conclusion from the findings on persuasive strategies and makes observations, per chapter, on the persuasive attempts from each literary period. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het oorreding in geselekteerde dramatekste uit die letterkundige tydperk 1981 tot 2006 ondersoek. Die seleksie is georganiseer deur twee sodanige tekste in elk van die onderstaande drie tydperke te ondersoek: • 1981–1989: Le ka nketsang en Mpowane • 1990–1999: Bana ba khomo tsa batho en Tsiketsing sa qomatsi • 2000–2006: Ha le fahloe habeli en Leholimo la phetloa Aangesien oorreding relatief nuwe onderwerp in die letterkunde is, in die besonder in Afrikatale, het die studie ondersoek ingestel na die oorredingstrategieë wat in die geselekteerde tekste gebruik is. Hierdie strategieë behels óf oorreding wat toegepas word suiwer as spontane aspek vir verandering van die houdings, gedrag, oortuigings of menings van die teikens, óf dit behels sekere situasies waartydens die oorreders, as letterkundige karakters, ander soort (of soorte) oorreding – dwang, manipulering of propaganda – gebruik ten einde die teikens te verander. Die belangrikste dryfkrag van hierdie tesis was die oorredende taktieke of tegnieke wat deur letterkundige karakters toegepas kan word in poging om verandering in ander letterkundige karakters aan te moedig. Die studie het ook nagegaan of addisionele oorredende interaksies ingespan word om verandering in ander te motiveer en of teen-oorredende optrede gebruik word om weerstand te bied teen die voorgestelde verandering. Hoofstuk Een stel die aspek van oorreding bekend soos dit by oorredingspraktisyns en deskundiges aangebied word, en gee die raamwerk van die studie as geheel. Hoofstuk Twee onderneem die literatuurstudie oor die doelstellings-planne-optrede (DPO)-model as deel van die sielkundige teorieë oor oorredende boodskappe soos gelewer deur verskeie persone wat in interaksie tree. Hierdie model voorveronderstel redes vir oorreders om sekere planne te ontwikkel vir die bereiking van hulle doelstellings. Hoofstuk Drie word gewy aan Le ka nketsang en Mpowane as die geselekteerde dramatekste uit die tydperk 1981 tot 1989. Hoofstuk Vier konsentreer op Bana ba khomo tsa batho en Tsiketsing sa qomatsi uit die tydperk 1990 tot 1999. Hoofstuk Vyf dek die letterkundige tydperk 2000 tot 2006, en analiseer die twee dramatekste Ha le fahloe habeli en Leholimo la phetloa. Hoofstuk Ses kom tot gevolgtrekking na aanleiding van die bevindings oor oorredende strategieë en maak waarnemings, per hoofstuk, oor die oorredende pogings van elke letterkundige tydperk.

Often praised for its sophistication in the narrator- and character-text, the Odyssey is regarded as the ultimate epic of a warrior’s much-troubled nostos. As a corollary of both its theme and the polytropia of the main hero, the poem explores extensively the motifs of secrecy and disguise. Apart from the lying tales of Odysseus, one important, albeit less obvious, example of the tendency to secrecy and disguise is the exchanges between the gods, which constitute a distinct group of speeches that have significant implications for the action of the poem. The aim of this dissertation is to study the divine dialogues of the Odyssey from the angle of communication and persuasion. Employing findings from narratology, discourse analysis, and oral poetics, and through close readings of the Homeric text, I argue that the overwhelming majority of these related passages have certain characteristics, whose common denominator is obliqueness. Apart from Helius’ appeal to Zeus (Chapter 2), distinctive in its own narratorial rendition, the rest of the dialogues, namely Hermes’ message-delivery to Calypso (Prologue), the two divine assemblies (Chapter 1), plus the exchanges of Zeus with Poseidon (Chapter 2) and Athena (Epilogue) conform to set patterns of communication. Within this framework, interlocutors strongly tend towards concealment and partiality. They make extensive use of conversational implicatures, shed light only on certain sides of the story while suppressing others, and present feigned or even exaggerated arguments in order to persuade their addressee. Direct confrontation is in principle avoided, and even when it does occur, it takes a rather oblique form. In this communicative scheme, the procedure of decision-making is not clear-cut, and the concept of persuasion is fluid and hidden behind the indirect and subtle dialogic process.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoewel die retorika bykans 26 eeue oud is, word die relevansie daarvan vir ons eie tyd toenemend besef - as 'n sleutel tot die wyse waarop mense dinkargumenteer en oorreed. Hierdie studie ondersoek retoriese (oorredende) strategiee in Afrikaanse historiese romantekste, binne 'n historiese konteks en teen die agtergrond van eietydse historiografiese insigte. Die aspekte van die kommunikasiesituasie wat saamhang met die retorika, word verbind met die vernuwende denke daaroor binne die hedendaagse literatuurteorie en historiografie. Die konteks van die outeur en roman word telkens bestudeer, gevolg deur 'n retoriese analise. Aristoteles se idees oor die retorika kry hierby voorrang, vanwee sy nadruk op die inventio of vinding, maar die retorika word eerder geassosieer met 'n dinamiese metode as met rigiede kategorisering. Aandag word veral bestee aan retoriese strategies in S.J. du Toit se Di koningin fan Skeba (1898) en Andre P. Brink se Houd-den-bek (1982), maar ook aan resente historiese romans wat hedendaagse historiografiese en retoriese opvattinge en konvensies ontgin en problematiseer. Beide S.J. du Toit, wat kennelik 'n goeie kennis van die antieke retorika gehad het en Andre P. Brink, met sy romanonderwerp wat aansluit by die geregtelike rede, betree die retoriese terrain op sodanige wyse dat hul romans tipiese produkte van hul eie tyd genoem kan word. Beide die geskiedskrywing en die historiese roman is gemedieerde weergawes, gekenmerk deur 'n subjektiewe seleksie (inventio) van gegewens en die kombinasie daarvan binne eie verbale strukture (dispositio). Dit kan in verband gebring word met nie-tegniese oorredingsmiddele, waar die sender sy informasie van buite kry. Hy gebruik dan sogenaamde empiries-verifieerbare feite as retoriese strategie ten einde 'n waarheids- en I of werklikheidsillusie te skep wat bydra tot die roman se oorredingsskrag. Die keuse vir die skryf van 'n historiese roman, impliseer reeds ook 'n keuse vir die bakens van die geskiedskrywing, maar 'n skeppende skrywer is, anders as 'n historikus, eties vry om nie-tegniese bewysmiddele te transformeer tot tegniese bewysmiddele, in aanpassing by 'n nuutgeskepte argumentatio en 'n eie causa. Na aanleiding van die tekste kom die ontvanger op sy beurt tot 'n eie seleksie en skep sy eie kousale en argumentatiewe strukture / While rhetoric has been part of the history of mankind for nearly 26 centuries, it is increasingly regarded as extremely relevant for our time - as a key to the way in which people think, argue and persuade. This study investigates rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in Afrikaans historical novels. The novels and their authors are first situated in their historical contexts and against the background of contemporary historiographical inquiry, and then analyzed by means of rhetorical concepts. Aspects of communication, which coincide with rhetorical categories, are combined with recent developments in the field of literary theory and historiography. Aristotle's views on persuasion and rhetoric are used as point of departure, but rhetoric is regarded as a dynamic method rather than a rigid categorization. Attention is given to rhetorical strategies in the novel Di konlngin fan Skeba [The queen of Sheba] by S.J. du Toit (1898) and Andre P. Brink's Houd-denbek [translated into English by the author as A chain of voices], but also to recent Afrikaans historical novels which exploit contemporary historiographical and rhetorical conventions. In S.J. du Toit's novel (which illustrates his knowledge of ancient rhetoric) as well as Andre P. Brink's (where the topic can be linked to litigation) rhetorical strategies are employed in such a manner that their texts can be regarded as products of their historical contexts. Both historiography and historical novels are mediated representations, characterized by a subjective selection (inventio) of data and its combination in verbal structures (dispositio). This can be related to 'extrinsic' or 'inartificial' proofs, which are not contrived by the author. The author exploits the so-called empirically verifiable facts as rhetorical strategies to create an illusion of truth or verisimilitude, which greatly contributes to the persuasiveness of the novel. The decision to write a historical novel implies a choice to keep to the historical 'facts', but the writer, in contrast to the historiographer, is ethically free to transform the inartificial proofs into artificial proofs, in combination with his own invented argumentatio and causa. Prompted by these texts the reader, in his turn, makes his own selection and creates his own causal and argumentative structures / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

Text in Afrikaans / Hoewel die retorika bykans 26 eeue oud is, word die relevansie daarvan vir ons eie tyd toenemend besef - as 'n sleutel tot die wyse waarop mense dinkargumenteer en oorreed. Hierdie studie ondersoek retoriese (oorredende) strategiee in Afrikaanse historiese romantekste, binne 'n historiese konteks en teen die agtergrond van eietydse historiografiese insigte. Die aspekte van die kommunikasiesituasie wat saamhang met die retorika, word verbind met die vernuwende denke daaroor binne die hedendaagse literatuurteorie en historiografie. Die konteks van die outeur en roman word telkens bestudeer, gevolg deur 'n retoriese analise. Aristoteles se idees oor die retorika kry hierby voorrang, vanwee sy nadruk op die inventio of vinding, maar die retorika word eerder geassosieer met 'n dinamiese metode as met rigiede kategorisering. Aandag word veral bestee aan retoriese strategies in S.J. du Toit se Di koningin fan Skeba (1898) en Andre P. Brink se Houd-den-bek (1982), maar ook aan resente historiese romans wat hedendaagse historiografiese en retoriese opvattinge en konvensies ontgin en problematiseer. Beide S.J. du Toit, wat kennelik 'n goeie kennis van die antieke retorika gehad het en Andre P. Brink, met sy romanonderwerp wat aansluit by die geregtelike rede, betree die retoriese terrain op sodanige wyse dat hul romans tipiese produkte van hul eie tyd genoem kan word. Beide die geskiedskrywing en die historiese roman is gemedieerde weergawes, gekenmerk deur 'n subjektiewe seleksie (inventio) van gegewens en die kombinasie daarvan binne eie verbale strukture (dispositio). Dit kan in verband gebring word met nie-tegniese oorredingsmiddele, waar die sender sy informasie van buite kry. Hy gebruik dan sogenaamde empiries-verifieerbare feite as retoriese strategie ten einde 'n waarheids- en I of werklikheidsillusie te skep wat bydra tot die roman se oorredingsskrag. Die keuse vir die skryf van 'n historiese roman, impliseer reeds ook 'n keuse vir die bakens van die geskiedskrywing, maar 'n skeppende skrywer is, anders as 'n historikus, eties vry om nie-tegniese bewysmiddele te transformeer tot tegniese bewysmiddele, in aanpassing by 'n nuutgeskepte argumentatio en 'n eie causa. Na aanleiding van die tekste kom die ontvanger op sy beurt tot 'n eie seleksie en skep sy eie kousale en argumentatiewe strukture / While rhetoric has been part of the history of mankind for nearly 26 centuries, it is increasingly regarded as extremely relevant for our time - as a key to the way in which people think, argue and persuade. This study investigates rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in Afrikaans historical novels. The novels and their authors are first situated in their historical contexts and against the background of contemporary historiographical inquiry, and then analyzed by means of rhetorical concepts. Aspects of communication, which coincide with rhetorical categories, are combined with recent developments in the field of literary theory and historiography. Aristotle's views on persuasion and rhetoric are used as point of departure, but rhetoric is regarded as a dynamic method rather than a rigid categorization. Attention is given to rhetorical strategies in the novel Di konlngin fan Skeba [The queen of Sheba] by S.J. du Toit (1898) and Andre P. Brink's Houd-denbek [translated into English by the author as A chain of voices], but also to recent Afrikaans historical novels which exploit contemporary historiographical and rhetorical conventions. In S.J. du Toit's novel (which illustrates his knowledge of ancient rhetoric) as well as Andre P. Brink's (where the topic can be linked to litigation) rhetorical strategies are employed in such a manner that their texts can be regarded as products of their historical contexts. Both historiography and historical novels are mediated representations, characterized by a subjective selection (inventio) of data and its combination in verbal structures (dispositio). This can be related to 'extrinsic' or 'inartificial' proofs, which are not contrived by the author. The author exploits the so-called empirically verifiable facts as rhetorical strategies to create an illusion of truth or verisimilitude, which greatly contributes to the persuasiveness of the novel. The decision to write a historical novel implies a choice to keep to the historical 'facts', but the writer, in contrast to the historiographer, is ethically free to transform the inartificial proofs into artificial proofs, in combination with his own invented argumentatio and causa. Prompted by these texts the reader, in his turn, makes his own selection and creates his own causal and argumentative structures / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)