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A teoria de perturba ca o quiral (ChPT) e aceita, atualmente, como a teoria efetiva da cromodinamica quantica (QCD) para baixas energias. Ela foi colocada na sua versa o moderna com os artigos de Gasser e Leutwyler, na primeira metade da d ecada de 80 e, durante os 25 anos que se seguiram, ocorreu um aumento considera vel da variedade de fenomenos por ela descritos, sempre acompanhando a precisa o cres- cente dos resultados experimentais. Os trabalhos que apresentamos nesta tese de doutorado se inserem neste contexto e envolvem duas partes, ambas relacionadas a` determina c ao de alguns dos parametros que compo em a lagrangiana da ChPT. Por ser uma teoria efetiva, tais constantes s o podem ser fixadas por experimentos, modelos ou por c alculos da QCD na rede. Em um dos trabalhos, discutimos a cons- tante de decaimento do p on, F, e os efeitos decorrentes do acr escimo de intera co es eletromagn eticas a` ChPT. N os argumentamos que as incertezas estimadas para o valor mais aceito de F podem estar subestimadas. Mostramos, tamb em, que na o se pode determinar esta constante na presen ca das intera co es eletromagn eticas, pois a grandeza de onde ela e extra da adquire uma dependencia no calibre utilizado no ca lculo e tem suas propriedades alteradas drasticamente. No outro trabalho, abor- damos os fatores de forma escalares dos m esons pseudoescalares em tres sabores. A partir dos resultados obtidos com a ChPT e do uso de um modelo que trata dos fatores de forma no espa co das posi co es, conseguimos escreve-los em termos ape- nas das constantes presentes na lagrangiana em ordem dominante da ChPT, F e as massas dos m esons pseudoescalares. No s determinamos, tamb em, os respectivos raios quadra ticos m edios e, comparando-os com os calculados com a ChPT, obtive- mos as LECs L4(mu) = -0,26 · 10^-3 e L5(mu) = 0,85 · 10^-3, para mu = 770 MeV. Esses valores sa o compat veis com as principais estimativas vindas da ChPT. / At present, chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is considered the effective theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at low energies. It was established in its modern version by the papers of Gasser and Leutwyler written in the first half of the 80s. For the last 25 years, there has been considerable increase in the number of phe- nomena described by ChPT, always following the growing precision of experiments. The two works we present in this Ph.D. thesis are related to ChPT and discuss the determination of some of the parameters that appear in the ChPT lagrangian. As ChPT is an effective theory, such constants can only be fixed by experiments, models or calculations in the lattice. In the first presented work, we discuss the pion decay constant, F, and how it is changed by the inclusion of electromagne- tic interactions. We argue that the uncertainty of the most accepted value of F might be underestimated. We also show that we cannot determine this constant in the presence of electromagnetic interactions because the function from which it is extracted acquires a gauge dependence and the functions properties drastically change. In the other work, we deal with pseudoscalar meson scalar form factor in three flavors. We manage to write the form factors only in terms of constants present in ChPT lagrangian at leading order, F and masses of pseudoscalar mesons, using ChPT results and the model that deals with form factors in coordinate space. We also determine the respective square radii and, comparing these to those calculated using ChPT, we have obtained L4(mu) = -0.26 · 10^-3 and L5(mu) = 0.85 · 10^-3, for mu = 770 MeV. These values are compatible with the main estimates evaluated with ChPT.

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When recent observational data and the GR+FRW+CDM model are combined we obtain the result that the Universe is accelerating, where the acceleration is due to some not-yet-understood "dark sector". There has been a considerable number of theoretical models constructed in an attempt to provide a description of the dark sector: dark energy and modified gravity theories. The proliferation of modified gravity and dark energy models has brought to light the need to construct a "generic" way to parameterize perturbations in the dark sector. In this thesis we discuss our new way of approaching this problem. We write down an effective action for linearized perturbations to the gravitational field equations for a given field content and use it to compute generalized gravitational field equations for linearized perturbations. Our approach is inspired by that taken in particle physics, where the most general modifications to the standard model are written down for a given field content that is compatible with some assumed symmetry (which we take to be isotropy of the background spatial sections). After applying the formalism we obtain equations of state for dark sector perturbations, where the number of free parameters for wide classes of theories are identified.

Green functions of currents allow us to study resonances in the low- energy limit of QCD. Using them, we can construct amplitudes or decay widths of processes. By a comparison of the theoretical predictions with experimental measurements we can determine the values of parameters of the theory and obtain a more comprehensive understanding about the be- haviour of QCD processes. In our investigated topic, an odd-parity sector of QCD, exist five nontriv- ial three-point Green functions, also referred to as correlators. Correlators V V P and V AS have already been studied in [1], whilst a calculation of AAP was provided in [2]. In this thesis we therefore deal with the Green functions V V A and AAA that have not yet been studied before. We present a complete calculation of the contributing Feynman diagrams in the anti- symmetric tensor formalism that satisfies high-energy behaviour within the OPE framework, as was shown also in [2]. The obtained results are submit- ted to phenomenological studies. Further, we also present an introduction to our calculations of the four- point Green functions V V PP and V V V V . The calculations were carried out both in the antisymmetric tensor and vector formalism but due to the complicated tensor structure of the results, the calculations can not be shown here in their...

We deal with cosmological perturbation theory in my work. We investigate General Theory of Relativity in Higher Dimensions in the Chapter 1. I mention GHP-formalism and algebraical classification of spacetimes. I use spinors to show that spacetimes of dimension 4 are special. I discuss also Kundt spacetimes, which are interesting for perturbation theory of black holes. I work with perturbations of FLRW ST's in GHP formalism in Chapter 2, which we want to use in Cosmological Inflation. The final part of my thesis is connected with scalar perturbations in f(R)-cosmologies, that can be used for explaining accelerated expansion in the last 5 billion years. I investigate the Universe at the scales of 150 Mpc, where I could not use the hydrodynamical approach. Thus I work with the generalization of the Landau's mechanical approach. I need quasi-static approximation for getting the potentials Φ and Ψ, since the equations are too complicated for direct integration. I plan to use the result also for numerical simulation of motions of dwarf galaxies in these potentials. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Semiconductor nanostructures are currently an active area of research, especially in the field of photovoltaics as they will play a major role in next generation solar devices that break the current theoretical limit for light-to-current conversion. For instance, the efficiency of the nanostructure-based solar cells can be increased due to carrier multiplication, or multiple exciton generation (MEG) process, where absorption of a single energetic photon results in the generation of several charge carriers. In order to design nanostructures with the desired properties, a detailed theoretical approach for studying photoexcited state processes is necessary. The approach developed in this work is based on many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) and the Boltzmann transport equation (BE) in combination with density functional theory (DFT) in order to compute quantum efficiency (QE). Conclusions about QE are made after studying all the major relaxation channels in a photoexcited system, such as exciton-to-biexciton decays, biexciton recombination and phonon-mediated exciton relaxation. In all calculations, excitonic effects have been included by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE). Then, by including excitons in the MBPT calculations, the exciton-to- biexciton rates R1→2 as well as the biexciton-to-exciton rates R2→1 are computed by taking into account the singlet fission (SF) process. The methods developed here have been applied to various semiconductor nanostructures such as pristine chiral (6,2), (6,5) and (10,5) and functionalized (6,2) SWCNTs. We predict efficient MEG in the (6,2) and (6,5) SWCNTs within the solar spectrum range starting at the 2Eg energy threshold and with QE reaching ~ 1:6 at about 3Eg, where Eg is the electronic gap. Also, methods for MEG rates calculations have been improved by taking into account exciton-exciton interactions in the intermediate biexciton state, where results show a small (~ 40 meV) red-shift in the biexciton density of states. Finally, the MEG-BE technique is applied in studying charge transfer. Charge transfer has been studied in a doped silicon quantum dot (QD) - functionalized SWCNT system where it was found that an initial excitation localized on either the QD or CNT evolves into a transient CT state. / National Science Foundation (NSF CHE-1413614)

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18070号 / 理博第3948号 / 新制||理||1569(附属図書館) / 30928 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐々木 節, 教授 田中 貴浩, 教授 畑 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

We discuss the physical problem of a molecule interacting with an electromagnetic field pulse and model the problem using a time-dependent perturbation of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to the Schrodinger equation. Using previous results that develop asymptotic series solutions in the Born-Oppenheimer parameter ε, we derive a formal Dyson series expansion in the perturbation parameter μ, which is proportional to the electromagnetic field strength. We then prove that this series is asymptotically accurate in both parameters, provided that the Hamiltonian for the electrons has purely discrete spectrum. Under more general hypotheses, we show that the series is accurate to first order in μ, and that it is accurate to one higher order if we place conditions on the abruptness of the EM pulse. We also show how this series development provides a justification for the Franck-Condon factors in the case of a diatomic molecule. / Ph. D.

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