El objetivo específico de esta investigación es analizar el lenguaje visual empleado en los memes políticos durante la crisis política de 2019 en Perú, es así que la hipótesis planteada es que el lenguaje visual empleado en estos memes está basado en características perceptivas denotativas y connotativas que facilitan su entendimiento acompañadas de un recorrido visual uniforme. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis de contenido del recorrido visual y de los elementos retóricos basados en las figuras sintácticas y semánticas de siete memes políticos, previamente filtrados en una ficha documental, en la cual se estipuló las características principales que deben poseer un meme de este ámbito, como estar dirigido a un poder político, presentar crítica o apoyo y tener un contenido de humor. Asimismo, se mantuvo una entrevista con un informante clave, que cuenta con conocimiento sobre la retórica visual y experiencia para generar piezas del humor en las que brinda su opinión sobre los memes políticos. Dentro de los principales resultados, se obtiene que todos los memes políticos poseen figuras retóricas acentuativas y tipogramas para ser entendidas y que usan las figuras sustitutivas para combinar personajes ficticios con políticos. Con lo cual se puede afirmar que los memes cuentan con características basadas en las figuras retóricas visuales sintácticas (denotación) y semánticas (connotación). Finalmente, se puede afirmar que existe un recorrido visual uniforme el cual se realiza de manera vertical permitiendo que la lectura sea sencilla. / The specific objective of this research is to analyze the visual language used in political memes during the 2019 political crisis in Peru. The hypothesis is that the visual language used in these memes is based on denotative and connotative perceptive characteristics that facilitate their understanding accompanied by a uniform visual tour. Firstly, a content analysis of the visual tour and the rhetorical elements was carried out based on the syntactic and semantic figures of seven political memes, previously filtered in a documentary file, in which the main characteristics that a meme in this field must have were stipulated, such as being directed at a political power, presenting criticism or support and having a humorous content. An interview was also held with a key informant, who has knowledge of visual rhetoric and experience in generating pieces of humor in which he gives his opinion on political memes. Among the main results, it is obtained that all political memes have accentuated rhetorical figures and typographical figures to be understood and that they use the substitute figures to combine fictional characters with politicians. Thus, it can be stated that memes have characteristics based on visual syntactic (denotation) and semantic (connotation) rhetorical figures. Finally, it can be stated that there is a uniform visual path which is carried out in a vertical manner allowing for easy reading. / Trabajo de investigación

Esta investigación se centra en el análisis de los textos informativos publicados por los diarios de circulación nacional: El Comercio y La República, relacionados a la candidatura de Ollanta Humala Tasso durante la semana previa al balotaje de los comicios electorales en Perú el año 2011. Y tiene el propósito de evidenciar, si en momentos de tensión política, como es una segunda vuelta, el equilibrio periodístico informativo y sus elementos se ven afectados por el contexto. Para ello, se explica la estrecha relación que guarda el periodismo con la política. Luego, se toma en cuenta los fundamentos del periodismo, para definir la naturaleza, matices y el lenguaje del periodismo informativo. A partir de ello, se construye el concepto de Equilibrio Periodístico Informativo, el cual está apoyado en una serie de elementos y de referentes. De igual forma, se considera el contexto político de la época, el cual sirve de referencia. A partir de ello, los resultados del análisis demuestran que el concepto de información, supuestamente asentado en ambos enunciadores, pierde algunas referencias por una serie elementos y presiones propias de tales coyunturas, donde hay una polarización política. / This study focuses on the analysis of news published by El Comercio y La República, newspapers with nationwide circulation, which are related to Ollanta Humala Tasso’s bid for presidency during the previous week to the results of the second-round round-off elections in Peru in 2011. It also aims at showing, if under circumstances of political tension, as it is a second-round election, the equilibrium in news journalism and its elements are affected by context. For this purpose, it explains the close relationship between journalism and politics. Then, it deals with the fundamentals of journalism in order to define the nature, nuances, and language of news journalism. Based on the abovementioned, the concept of Equilibrium in News Journalism is developed, which is supported by a series of elements and referents. Similarly, the political context at that time is considered as a reference. From this, the results of this study show that the concept of news journalism, which is supposedly to be the foundation of both local newspapers involved in this study, loses certain references due to the presence of a series of elements and tensions from the contexts where there exists a political polarization. / Tesis

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-11-23T18:56:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HILDA ZEVALLOS.pdf: 400164 bytes, checksum: 8e0e86b3d3d83ec3dc5798e92acac571 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-11-23T18:57:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HILDA ZEVALLOS.pdf: 400164 bytes, checksum: 8e0e86b3d3d83ec3dc5798e92acac571 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-11-29T11:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HILDA ZEVALLOS.pdf: 400164 bytes, checksum: 8e0e86b3d3d83ec3dc5798e92acac571 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-27 / Development studies have, without any doubt, stand as one of the last bastion of modernism in social sciences (Rapley, 2004). Many of the key dilemmas in contemporary studies about development were focused on the disjunction among innovations in theory, politics and practice (Simon, 2003). Meanwhile, the discussion that involves a relationship between development and mining, which interests our study, still remains acritical within the dominant literature. According to Graulau (2008), the topic of mining oscillates between favoritism and oposition. From a normative point of view, the study of mining within the topic of development shows the longtime economic mentality that prevails in this field. In Peru, the neoliberal reforms put in practice since the decade of 1990 have strongly promoted the mining sector. Certainly, national and foreign investments, the volume of exportations and taxes have favorably influenced the economy in macroeconomical terms, obtaining considerable quantities of reserves (UNCTAD, 2008). Nevertheless, corporate mining didn't seem to benefit local communities involved in mining extraction (Barrantes, 2005; Glave e Kuramoto, 2007; Zegarra, Orihuela e Paredes, 2007). The quantity and gravity of the conflicts the have been ocurring shows a rejection to the mining sector, opposite to the discursive action of the Peruvian State that guarantees the 'development' brought by mining. In this context, the main objective of this study is to analize the discursive practices of Peruvian mining politics in relationship with the construction of development discourse in the decade of 1990-2009. Therefore, it was necessary to study the main theories about development, mining and mining in Peru. About the methodology used in this work, we used two analysis techniques: First, the Critical Discourse Analysis, based on the tridimensional method proposed by Fairclough (2001). This technique was used to analyze the speeches of three representatives of Peruvian mining politics. The second technique we used was Content Analysis proposed by Bardin (2009). This technique helped us in the analysis of mining politics articles published in the main specialized magazines of this area - Mineria and Desde Adentro. One of the guides in this research was also defined by a set of categories that were constant and convergent related to the concept of mining. Finally, conclusions suggest that mining politics applied by Peruvian State officers introduced discourse practices about sustainable development and that these are coherent with the new orders of discourse: Social Responsability, Sustainable mining, Modern mining, Environmental Management. / Os estudos sobre desenvolvimento, sem dúvida, se mantiveram como um dos últimos bastiões do modernismo nas ciências sociais (Rapley, 2004). Muitos dos dilemas chave em estudos contemporâneos sobre desenvolvimento se centraram nas disjuntivas entre inovação teórica, política e prática (Simon, 2003). No entanto, a discussão que envolve a relação entre desenvolvimento e mineração, que interessa neste estudo, ainda permanece acrítica dentro da literatura dominante. Segundo Graulau (2008), o tema de mineração encontra-se num vaivém entre o favoritismo e a oposição. O estudo sob o ponto de vista normativo da mineração no campo de desenvolvimento mostra a mentalidade econômica de longa data que prevalece nesse campo. No Peru as reformas neoliberais implantadas desde a década 1990 têm promovido fortemente o setor de mineração. Os investimentos nacionais e estrangeiros, o volume das exportações e impostos certamente têm influenciado favoravelmente na economia em termos macroeconômicos, obtendo quantidades consideráveis de divisas (UNCTAD, 2008). Não obstante, a grande mineração parece não ter beneficiado as comunidades envolvidas com a extração de minérios (Barrantes, 2005; Glave e Kuramoto, 2007; Zegarra; Orihuela e Paredes, 2007). A quantidade e gravidade dos conflitos que vem acontecendo evidenciam a resistência ao setor, frente à ação discursiva do Estado peruano sobre o 'desenvolvimento' que assegura o que a mineração traz. Neste contexto este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as práticas discursivas das políticas de mineração peruana em relação a construção do discurso de desenvolvimento no período compreendido entre 1990-2009. Com esse objetivo, foi necessário abordar primeiramente as principais teorias sobre desenvolvimento, mineração e mineração no Peru. No que diz respeito à metodologia o presente estudo utilizou duas técnicas de análise: a Análise Crítica de Discurso, baseado no método tridimensional proposto por Fairclough (2001), para realizar a análise de três discursos de representantes da política de mineração peruana, a segunda abordagem utiliza a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (2009), para examinar os artigos relacionados à política de mineração entre as principais revistas especializadas do setor–Mineria e Desde Adentro. Foram utilizadas também categorias de análise constantes e convergentes ao conceito de desenvolvimento para orientar a presente pesquisa. Finalmente as conclusões sugerem que as políticas de mineração reproduzidas pelas autoridades do Estado peruano introduziram práticas discursivas sobre desenvolvimento sustentável e que essas se mantêm relacionadas com as novas ordens de discurso: Responsabilidade Social, Minerção Sustentável, Mineração moderna, Gestão ambiental.