Il progetto di dottorato ha riguardato la realizzazione di un pescheto situato in Soracá , nel dipartimento di Boyacá (Colombia), che si trova a circa 2900 m slm , latitudine 5 ° 30 ' 30 " a nord . Il pescheto sperimentale, di circa 1,5 ettari , è stata istituita nel gennaio 2011 . Per la piantagione sono stati scelte due cultivar, già coltivate nella regione di Boyacá : ' Rubidoux ' (CU : 600 ore ) e ' Eldorado ' (CU : 250 ore ) . Le piante sono state allevate in 6 diverse forme di allevamento: ( non potato, vaso a 3 branche, vaso a 4 branche, vaso ritardato, fusetto e palmetta ). I dati raccolti sui parametri morfo - biometrici, hanno permesso di descrivere e quantificare la crescita vegetativa e l’attività riproduttiva, fornendo risultati sia a livello dottrinale, sia a livello pratico. In particolare, sono state evidenziate interessanti evoluzioni delle gemme e delle formazioni a frutto, della durata della fenologia e della “dilatazione” dell’attività riproduttiva che ragionevolmente possono attribuirsi al peculiare ambiente di coltivazione. A livello pratico, i primi parziali risultati sono prodromi all’applicazione delle medesime tecniche di potatura anche su altri pescheti della zona. In particolare le forma di allevamento a " Fusetto " ed a “Palmetta” , hanno garantito una maggiore solidità della struttura e un migliore equilibrio vegeto-produttivo . / Dr Malvicini has participated to the realization of the peach orchard located in Soracá, in the department of Boyacá, Colombia, which is at about 2900 a.s.l., latitude 5° 30’ 30” north. The experimental peach orchard, which is about 1.5 hectares, was established in January 2011. For the plantation were chosen two cultivars that were already cultivated in the Boyacá region: ‘Rubidoux’ (chilling requirement: 600 hours) and ‘Eldorado’ (chilling requirement: 250 hours). The peach trees were trained in 6 different form (no pruned, 3 branches vase, 4 branches vase, delayed vase, fusetto and palmette), each constituted by a number of plants ranging from 30 to 40. Dr Malvicini has followed the growth of the plants till 32 months of age. The data about morpho-biometric parameters collected, allowed to describe and to quantify the vegetative growth and reproductive activity, providing results both at the doctrinal level, both on a practical level. In particular, were highlighted interesting evolutions on buds and fruiting branches, on the phenology length and on the “expansion “of reproductive activity that could be reasonably attributed to the peculiar sub-tropical area condition. On a practical level, the first partial results stimulated the application of the same techniques on other pruning peach orchards in the area. In fact, local growers have immediately realized that the new forms of training system, and in particular “fusetto” and "palmetta", ensured a greater solidity of the tree and a better vegetative-productive balance.

Over the last decade, a confluence of strategic and security concerns has threatened the European Union’s survival both within and beyond its political dimension. As a result, security and defence have risen to the top of the EU’s political agenda, culminating in the approval of the EU Global Strategy (EUGS) in 2016. The EUGS represented a watershed moment in the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy: the EU agreed on ambitious levels of security and defence. The new policy is based on supporting capacity building among member states through instruments such as PESCO. Nonetheless, these instruments have caused variations in patterns of member state behaviour that have enhanced defense integration. This research aims to understand what was the PESCO institutional effect on Member States' preferences and how it has affected the European security and defense goals. The research highlights the role of European agencies and how they contributed to solve collective action problem through a ‘forum effect' on participants, using pro-actively the task of assessing co-operative projects proposals. As a result, PESCO’s institutional effect led to cooperative outcomes between nations that allowed them to overcome coordination dilemmas, namely uncertainty about the willingness to contribute to a common project, which is typical of defense cooperation. Here, we used Rational Choice Institutionalism theory to investigate the PESCO project structure and its interaction with the European Defence policy. Cooperation between participating member states is presented within a cooperative game action, as part of a theoretical approach to game theory. It explains formally how PESCO entails elements to overcome collective action problem among participating member states, while emphasising the institutional design that promoted the European interests, and how this has led to more Europeanised security and defence. Findings are interpreted under the Differentiated integration concept.