Field research was undertaken in three Jamaican farming communities to understand the localized health impact of pesticide poisoning in a developing country. The primary research tool was the collection of data through an intra-household survey, complemented by field observations. The goal was to gather information on the extent to which pesticides are used, the physiological symptoms experienced during or after pesticide exposure, and the farmers' knowledge, attitude, and practice of safe pesticide use. Secondly, I examined the structural constraints to regulating pesticide usage and promoting safe practices, based on interviews with local health care providers and key officials in agriculture, health, and agro-business. The research proved that acute pesticide poisoning is widespread in Jamaica. Furthermore, health outcomes varied geographically particularly as related to the nature of the crop and pest problems. There was some effort within the agricultural and medical branch of the Jamaican government to address this concern; however, evidence that farmers had widely adopted safe application practices did not exist. I found that hazardous pesticide practices were not simply traced to farmers' ignorance. Rather, farmers showed substantial awareness of safety procedures but often chose not to practice them. The matter was further complicated by the general lack of knowledge among health care providers in identification and proper treatment of poisoning. / Master of Science

Of the 394 urban women, over three-fourths (77.4 per cent) were users of pesticides, whereas almost one-fourth (22.6 per cent) were non-users. The ages of the respondents ranged from 15-19 years to over 70 years. The median age for users was 48 years and 51 years for non-users. There was no significant difference in the ages groups of users and non-users. The place of early residence (before 18 years of age) had no significant influence as to whether the woman was a user or non-user of pesticides. A majority of middle class urban women spent the early years of residence in the city.The median years of school completed by middle class urban women was 12.M. The users of pesticides had attained a significantly higher educational level than had the nonusers. High and low education levels were used as variables and comparisons of certain data were made on that basis. / Master of Science

The idiophasic production of nonspecific extracellular enzymes by the Basidiomycete fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, referred to as the ligninolytic system, has been reported by many researchers to be capable of degrading a broad spectrum of environmentally persistent compounds including some alkyl halide chemicals. Cultivation of the fungus and the ability of the ligninolytic system to degrade the alkyl halide pesticide toxaphene were explored in pure liquid cultures. The effects of culture growth temperature and toxaphene concentration were evaluated. The extent of toxaphene conversion with time was determined using three different indicators; toxaphene gas chromatographic elution patterns, the determination of free chloride concentrations by ion chromatography analyses, and the distribution of chloride in aqueous and biomass fractions via total organic halide analyses. Oxidation of the azo dye, Orange II, via spectrophotometric measurements was employed to determine the activity and reactivation of the fungal ligninolytic system. Degradation of toxaphene in the P. chrysosporium cultures was limited, with a maximum of 7% of the original mass of chloride originating from the toxaphene being released over a three week period. The main removal mechanism of the toxaphene from solution was observed to be adsorption to the mycelium biomass. Ligninolytic activity was equally active at temperatures less than optimum for maximum growth of the fungus which implies that the ligninolytic system can be effective with reduced temperature requirements. Elevated pH conditions did not effect ligninolytic activity indicating that high more neutral pHs, which are characteristic of soil properties, do not inhibit ligninolytic activity. Reactivation of the ligninolytic system was accomplished in a nonimmersed liquid culture system. The immobilized configuration appeared to be an effective system for cultivating the ligninolytic system on a continuous basis. / Master of Science

L'agriculture urbaine dans la zone des Niayes de Dakar fournit 60% des besoins en légumes de cette région à fort taux d'urbanisation. Les maraîchers de cette zone ont de plus en plus recours aux pesticides pour lutter contre les ravageurs et maladies des cultures. Les objectifs de ce travail sont de tenter de répondre à la problématique suivante : les pratiques d'utilisation des pesticides ont-elles un impact sur la qualité des ressources environnementales dans cette zone? La consommation des produits horticoles et des eaux souterraines de cette zone comporte-t-elle un risque pour les populations? Nous avons tenté de répondre à ces questions par le biais d'enquêtes de terrain et d'analyses. Les résultats des enquêtes ont mis en évidence l'application de diverses matières actives appartenant aux organophosphorés, organochlorés, carbamates et pyréthrinoïdes sur une variété de spéculations. Les pesticides appliqués ne sont pas généralement homologués et certains d'entre eux sont des polluants organiques persistants et donc interdits d'utilisation au Sénégal. Les pratiques d'utilisation (fréquences, quantités appliquées, conditions de stockage, méthodes d'élimination des emballages) ne respectent pas les règles prescrites par les bonnes pratiques agricoles. Les analyses ont porté sur 80 échantillons d'eaux souterraines, 119 de sol, et 175 de légumes, collectés au niveau des sites de Niaga, de Thiaroye, de Cambérène et de Malika sur quatre campagnes. Les résultats montrent des niveaux de contamination environnementale élevés de la zone des Niayes avec la détection de 15 (eaux souterraines et légumes) et de 17 (sol) pesticides sur 21 recherchés. Dans toutes les matrices, les molécules ayant été détectées à des fréquences élevées sont celles qui avaient enregistré des fréquences de citation d'au minimum 6%. Près de 56% des points d'eau ont présenté au moins une substance dont la concentration moyenne est supérieure à la norme de qualité correspondante et 38% ne respectaient pas la norme de concentration totale. Pour les légumes, des pourcentages de non-conformité variant entre 58 et 76% selon les sites ont été obtenus. Les apports journaliers estimés ont montré que près de 80% des quantités de résidus de pesticide ingérables correspondent aux résidus des trois premières classes de pesticides (extrêmement dangereux, hautement dangereux et modérément dangereux) selon l'OMS. Cette observation montre que le risque lié à l'exposition des populations à l'eau et aux aliments contaminés est réel. / Urban agriculture in the Niayes zone of Dakar provides 60% of the vegetable needs of this region which has a high urbanization rate. Farmers in this area rely heavily on pesticides to protect crops from pests and diseases. The main objectives of this work were to try to answer the following questions : Do pesticide use patterns and management have an impact on the quality of environmental resources of the area? Does consumption of horticultural products and groundwater of this area pose a risk? We tried to bring answers through field surveys and analyses. The survey results showed the application of various pesticides belonging to organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates and pyrethroids on a variety of speculations. Pesticides applied are not generally approved and some of them are persistent organic pollutants and thus prohibited for use in Senegal. Use practices (frequency, amount, storage conditions, packaging disposal) do not respect the rules of good agricultural practices. The analyses were performed on 80 groundwater samples, 119 of soil samples and 175 of vegetables collected at Niaga, Thiaroye, Cambérène and Malika during 4 campaigns. Results show high contamination levels of the environment with detection of 15 (in groundwater and vegetables) and 17 (in soil) pesticides out of 21. The molecules that have been detected with high frequencies in the matrices are those cited with frequencies greater than 6%. Nearly 56% of groundwater samples showed at least one substance with level exceeding the corresponding standard. 38% did not meet the standard set for total residues concentration. For vegetables, the percentages of exceeding standards ranged between 58 and 76% depending on the site. The estimated daily intake showed that nearly 80% of pesticide residues belong to the following WHO classes (extremely hazardous, highly hazardous and moderately hazardous). This observation evidences the risk of human exposure to contaminated food and water.

L’accès à l’eau potable est un des plus importants problèmes que l’on rencontre partout dans le monde même dans les pays riches en eau. Par exemple, les provinces côtières du Delta du Mékong (DM) subissent des périodes alternées d’inondations et de sécheresse. De plus, le changement climatique à l’origine d’une diminution de la pluviométrie et d’intrusion d’eau salée affecte gravement la qualité des eaux de la région. Les principales sources de pollution proviennent des déchets humains et des rejets des élevages de poissons, bétail et volaille. La pollution aux pesticides peut s’avérer un problème sérieux dans certaines zones. La détérioration de la qualité des eaux dans le DM et l’absence d’accès à l’eau potable dans les communes rurales via des systèmes d’approvisionnement sûrs entraine une augmentation des maladies d’origine hydrique liées à la salinité, la présence de microorganismes et de polluants organiques. L’objectif de ce travail a consisté à examiner dans quelle mesure la technologie membranaire peut permettre de produire de l’eau potable de qualité. L’étude a porté sur les eaux saumâtres contenant des pesticides. Deux solutions modèles synthétiques ont été choisies pour représenter les eaux de surface du DM. Le dessalement et l’élimination des pesticides ont été réalisés en utilisant la nanofiltration (NF) couplée à l’électrodialyse. Le logiciel Nanoflux® a été utilisé pour interpréter les performances de deux membranes de NF (NF90 et NF270). Par ailleurs, la consommation d’énergie des deux procédés couplés a été estimée en fonction de la qualité de l’eau d’alimentation. Toutes ces données seront utilisées pour concevoir un démonstrateur pour la production familiale d’eau potable. / Access to clean water is one of the most important problems that is encountered worldwide even in countries as water-rich. For instance, the Mekong Delta (MD)’s coastal provinces have to face up to alternated flooding and drought periods. Moreover, climate changes inducing less rainfall and salt water intrusion water severely affect the water quality of the area. The main sources of pollution come from the human and farming wastes including fish, livestock and poultry. Pesticide pollution can also be a serious problem in some areas. The deterioration of water quality in the MD and the lack of access to clean water via safe supply systems in the rural communes entail an increase of waterborne diseases related to the salinity, the presence of microorganism and organic pollutants. The study is aimed at investigating the membrane technology to treat surface water in the MD region in order to produce good drinking water. The study was focused on brackish waters containing pesticides. Two synthetic model water samples were chosen as representative of surface waters found in the Mekong Delta. Desalination and pollutant removal were performed using nanofiltration (NF) integrated with electrodialysis. The Nanoflux® software was used to explain the experimental performance of two NF membranes (NF90 and 270). On the other hand, energy consumption of the two coupled processes was also estimated depending on the quality of water feed. All the data obtained should be used in the future to design a demonstrator pilot for the family-sized production of drinking water.

Orientador: Herling Gregorio Aguilar Alonzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T06:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cabral_ElizabethReginadeMelo_M.pdf: 1914359 bytes, checksum: d409b490e5d371f9dcde7ee768da8976 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Introdução: No Brasil, a utilização intensiva de agrotóxicos teve início com o II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (1975-1979), que estimulava compulsoriamente a compra desses produtos pelos agricultores por meio de créditos rurais. Hoje, o país é considerado o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo. Na agricultura, a utilização deste produto é intensiva e multiquímica e pesquisas relacionadas à exposição a longo prazo aos agrotóxicos são escassas, tanto no conhecimento da extensão da carga química de exposição ocupacional, quanto aos danos à saúde. Objetivo: Determinar as características da exposição a longo prazo a agrotóxicos e suas implicações na saúde dos trabalhadores agrícolas de uma região de Campinas-SP. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal realizado em uma região do Distrito de Saúde Norte, do município de Campinas-SP. Foi realizado o arrolamento dos estabelecimentos e trabalhadores agrícolas. Utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado abordando variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e sobre as condições de saúde, as condições de trabalho, o uso de agrotóxicos, episódios de intoxicação e a dosagem das colinesterases. Para o tempo de exposição aos agrotóxicos criou-se um Índice de Exposição, que quantificou e uniformizou o tempo em categorias (baixa, média, alta e muito alta exposição). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 36 estabelecimentos agrícolas e 205 trabalhadores. O número de trabalhadores que recusaram e/ou foi excluído do estudo perfizeram um total de 14,9%. A população estudada foi constituída predominantemente por adultos jovens do sexo masculino, assalariados (66,8%) e que desenvolvem atividades agrícolas com exposição a agrotóxicos há mais de 10 anos (63,9%). Dentre os trabalhadores, 11,7% relataram um episódio de intoxicação por agrotóxicos e 2% nos últimos 12 meses anteriores à pesquisa. Foram citados 144 nomes comerciais de agrotóxicos, aos quais os trabalhadores foram expostos, isso deu uma média de 4,1 tipos de agrotóxicos (IC 95% 3,9 - 4,6; dp= 3). Quanto às classes de uso, as mais relatadas foram os inseticidas, com 26,4%, seguidos dos fungicidas (20,7%), e herbicidas (20,1%). Apenas 29,2% dos trabalhadores relataram utilizar equipamentos de proteção individual. O tempo médio de exposição aos agrotóxicos foi de 13.611horas (IC 95% ± 3.672 horas), o valor mínimo foi de 44,3h, o valor até o primeiro quartil representou 846h, a mediana representou 4.200h, o terceiro quartil foi de 15.120h e, o valor máximo, de 203.520h de exposição. Nos últimos 12 meses anteriores, 75,6% dos trabalhadores apresentaram alguma sintomatologia relacionada ao uso de agrotóxicos. Irritação ocular (38,1%), dor de cabeça (37,4%) e lacrimejamento (25,2%) foram os sintomas mais referidos. Quanto à dosagem das colinesterases plasmáticas, 7,8% apresentaram redução da atividade. Conclusão: A ocorrência de intoxicações por agrotóxicos esteve dentro do esperado, quando comparado com outros estudos realizados no Brasil. O Índice de Exposição pode ser considerado um método para o estudo das exposições a logo prazo. Com a análise das informações levantadas, dos escassos dados epidemiológicos disponíveis, da avaliação de risco/vulnerabilidade e poder de decisão das populações expostas aos agrotóxicos, percebe-se que as repostas do setor saúde não acompanharam o ritmo, acelerado, de crescimento do setor agropecuário / Abstract: Introduction: In Brazil, the intensive use of pesticides began with the Second National Development Plan (1975-1979), which stimulated compulsorily purchase of such products by farmers through rural credit. Nowadays, the country is considered the largest consumer of pesticides in the world. In agriculture, the use of this product is intensive and multichemical and research related to long-term exposure to pesticides are scarce, both in knowledge of the extent of the chemical burden of occupational exposure, the damage to health. Objective: To determine the characteristics of long-term exposure to pesticides and their implications for the health of farm workers in a region of Campinas. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a region of the Northern Health District, the city of Campinas. We conducted the inventory of the establishments and agricultural workers. We used a semistructured questionnaire covering socioeconomic, demographic and health conditions, working conditions, the use of pesticides, intoxications and determination of the cholinesterase. For the duration of exposure to pesticides was created an exposure index, which quantified the time and standardized categories (low, medium, high and very high exposure). Results: There were 36 farms and 205 workers. The number of workers who refused and / or was excluded from the study amounted to a total of 14.9%. The study population consisted predominantly of young adult male employees (66.8%) and agricultural activities that develop with exposure to pesticides for over 10 years (63.9%). Among workers, 11.7% reported an episode of pesticide poisoning and 2% in the last 12 months preceding the survey. 144 were cited trade names of pesticides to which workers were exposed, this gave an average of 4.1 different types of pesticides (CI 3.9 to 4.6, SD = 3). The classes use the most pesticides were reported, with 26.4%, followed by fungicides (20.7%) and herbicides (20.1%). Only 29.2% of workers reported using personal protective equipment. The mean duration of exposure to pesticides was 13.611horas (CI ± 3672 hours), the minimum value was 44.3 h, the value represented by the first quartile 846h, the median represented 4.200h, the third quartile was 15.120he, the maximum value of 203.520h exposure. Over the past 12 months, 75.6% of workers had some symptoms related to pesticide use. Eye irritation (38.1%), headache (37.4%) and tearing (25.2%) were the most reported symptoms. As for the dosage of plasma cholinesterase, 7.8% had decreased activity. Conclusion: The occurrence of pesticide poisoning was as expected, when compared with other studies in Brazil. The index of exposure can be considered a method to study the term exposure to right. By analyzing the information gathered, the scarce available epidemiological data, risk assessment / vulnerability and empowerment of populations exposed to pesticides, it is clear that the responses of the health sector have not kept pace, accelerated growth of the agricultural sector / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestre em Saúde Pública

Depuis plusieurs années, des mortalités anormalement élevées sont observées chez les abeilles, au niveau mondial. Plusieurs facteurs peuvent être à l’origine de ces phénomènes, dont l’utilisation de pesticides. Parmi ceux-ci, les insecticides de la famille des neonicotinoides et des pyrethrinoides ainsi que certains fongicides de la famille des carboxamides sont mis en cause. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont consacrés au développement de méthodes analytiques pour l’identification, la détection et la quantification de 13 pesticides et leurs métabolites dans les abeilles et les produits de la ruche tels que le pain d’abeille et la cire d’abeille. Dans un premier temps, une méthode originale par dSPE a été développée pour l’extraction des pesticides cibles dans la cire d’abeille. Combinée à une méthode d’analyse par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse triple quadripole (UPLC-MS/MS), elle permet d’atteindre des limites de quantification jamais atteintes auparavant en multi-familles sur cette matrice complexe, comprises entre 1 et 40 ng.g-1. L’application de cette méthode sur des cires ainsi que l’analyse d’autres matrices apicoles fournis par des apiculteurs (au total 488 échantillons dont 125 abeilles, 87 cires et 276 pains d’abeille) ont montré une large présence de ces pesticides dans les ruchers français. Globalement, la cire d’abeille est la matrice présentant les plus fortes concentrations et le pain d’abeille est la matrice la plus contaminée en termes de nombre de pesticides présents. Une seconde partie des travaux est dédiée à la détection et à l’identification des métabolites de pesticides générés par des expérimentations in vitro et in vivo. Pour cela, une stratégie analytique, basée sur la complémentarité entre la spectrométrie de masse à temps de vol et triple quadripole, a été mise en place. La première permet l’identification des métabolites par la combinaison de la recherche de métabolites connus et de profils isotopiques spécifiques (Cl, Br, S). La seconde permet leur détection et leur quantification dans des échantillons d’abeille. Cette double approche a notamment permis d’identifier 9 métabolites de pesticides et 5 marqueurs d’exposition. Des métabolites et marqueurs d’exposition au boscalide (carboxamide), principalement issus de réactions d’hydroxylation, deshalogenation et substitution, ont été synthétisés. Ces derniers ont ensuite été détectés et quantifiés dans des échantillons d’abeilles issus de ruchers symptomatiques. Les développements analytiques et résultats permettent, d’une part, de faire un état des lieux de la présence de pesticides jugés préoccupants dans les ruchers français. D’autre part, ils fournissent aux écotoxicologues des données permettant de mieux comprendre les modes d’action des pesticides chez les abeilles / For several years, abnormally high mortalities have been observed in bees worldwide. Several factors may be responsible for these phenomena, including the use of pesti-cides. Among these, insecticides of the family of neonicotinoids and pyrethroids as well as some fungicides of the carboxamide family are implicated. The work presented is devoted to the development of analytical methods for the identification, detection and quantification of 13 pesticides and their metabolites in bees and hive products such as beebread and beeswax.Initially, an original dSPE method was developed for the extraction of targeted pesti-cides in beeswax. Combined with a liquid chromatographic analysis method coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), it allows to reach limits of quantification never reached before in multi-families analysis on this complex matrix, between 1 and 40 ng.g-1.The application of this method to beeswaxes and the analysis of other beekeeping matrices provided by beekeepers (a total of 488 samples including 125 bees, 87 bees-waxes and 276 honeybees) showed a wide presence of these pesticides in french apiar-ies. Overall, beeswax is the matrix with the highest concentrations and beebread is the most contaminated matrix in terms of number of pesticides present.A second part of the work is devoted to the detection and identification of pesticide metabolites generated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. For this, an analytical strategy, based on the complementarity between time-of-flight and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry, has been put in place. The first allows the identification of me-tabolites by combining the search for known metabolites and specific isotopic profiles (Cl, Br, S). The second allows their detection and quantification in bee samples.This dual approach has identified 9 pesticide metabolites and 5 markers of exposure. Metabolites and markers of exposure to boscalid (carboxamide), mainly derived from hydroxylation, dehalogenation and substitution reactions, have been synthesized. These were then detected and quantified in bee samples from symptomatic apiaries.These analytical developments and results make it possible, on the one hand, to make an inventory of the presence of pesticides of concern in french apiaries. On the other hand, they provide ecotoxicologists with data to better understand the behavior of pesticides in bees

Le module de transfert de pesticide PeStics a été intégré au sein du modèle agronomique STICS (Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) afin de simuler le transfert de pesticides dans les sols agricoles. Par la suite une évaluation sur trois sites expérimentaux a été effectuée. Afin d'étudier le devenir des pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant de l'Orgeval, des simulations concernant 4 herbicides (l'atrazine, la simazine, l'isoproturon, le chlortoluron) et un métabolite (la DEA) ont été réalisées à l'aide du modèle STICS sur une période de 23 ans (1990-2012) . Les objectifs de ces travaux étaient :i) de mettre en évidence les principaux processus impliqués dans la dissipation et le transfert de pesticides à long terme ; ii) d'évaluer l'influence de la dynamique des stocks en pesticide dans les sols, sur le transport en phase dissoute, vers le reste de l'hydrosystème ; iii) de déterminer les paramètres du modèle les plus sensibles aux pertes par lixiviation sur la période de 1990-2012. Les simulations ont été comparées aux observations disponibles sur le bassin versant. Les résultats mettent en avant la nécessité de prendre en considération la dynamique des stocks restants dans les sols pour comprendre le transfert des pesticides sur le long-terme. Une attention particulière doit également être portée sur les paramètres qui influencent la rétention et la disponibilité des pesticides à la lixiviation. En conclusion, les différences obtenues entre les flux lixiviés simulés pour une culture de blé et de maïs montrent l'intérêt des modèles agronomiques dans la modélisation du devenir des pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant. / A pesticide fate module was implemented in the crop model STICS (SimulateurmulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) in order to simulate pesticidetransfer in agricultural soils. Then the model has been evaluated with three studysites datasets. In order to study the fate of pesticides at the scale of the Orgeval catchment, simulations of four herbicides (atrazine, simazine,isoproturon chlortoluron) and one metabolite (DEA) were carriedout with the crop model STICS over a 23-year period (1990-2012). The objectives of the study were i) to highlight the main processes implied in pesticide fate and transfer at long-term; ii) to assess the influence of the dynamics of the remaining mass of pesticide in soil on transfer; iii) to determine the most sensitive parameters related to pesticide losses by leaching over a 23-year period.Simulations were compared against available observations at the catchment scale. The findings of the study show that the dynamic of the remaining mass ofpesticide in soil is a relevant issue to understand pesticide dissipation at longterm. Attention must be paid on parameters influencing sorption and availabilityof the pesticide for leaching. To conclude, the significant discrepancies in the simulated pesticide leaching for the two types of crops (maize and wheat) highlight the interest of using a crop model to simulate the fate of pesticides at the catchment scale.

Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre du contrat d'objectifs AQUAL dont le but est la lutte contre les pollutions diffuses en milieu rural. Ils font également l'objet d'un partenariat avec le programme Phyt'Eau Ref initié par la Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Champagne-Ardenne. Ils portent sur la compréhension de la rétention et du transfert des pesticides du sol à la nappe dans les sols champardennais. Deux sols différents de par leur contenu en matière organique et en calcaire ont été choisis pour réaliser l'étude afin d'étudier le comportement des pesticides dans des sols caractéristiques de la région (pH et taux de calcaire élevé). L'étude a été réalisée sur quarante pesticides appartenant à diverses familles chimiques et de propriétés physico-chimiques différentes. L'objectif est d'identifier les propriétés des pesticides gouvernant leur rétention dans les sols puis d'établir une relation de type structure-propriétés (QSPR) permettant la prédiction du coefficient d'adsorption Kd. L'adsorption et le transfert des pesticides ont été étudiés au laboratoire au moyen d'expériences en réacteurs fermés (étude à l'équilibre) et en colonne de sol reconstituées au laboratoire. Le tracé d'isothermes d'adsorption suivi d'une étude statistique a permis d'identifier l'hydrophobicité, la polarisabilité et la solubilité comme les paramètres physico-chimiques majeurs gouvernant la rétention des quarante pesticides étudiés. Des relations à deux paramètres ont été proposées et testées afin de pouvoir prédire le coefficient d'adsorption des pesticides. Enfin, les travaux réalisés en mode dynamique (colonne) ont permis de mettre en évidence que le phénomène de transfert peut être relié à l'adsorption des pesticides et qu'il est possible de passer de l'un à l'autre des paramètres caractérisant ces deux phénomènes par de simples relations permettant ainsi de s'affranchir de lourdes expériences. / This work is a part of the multidisciplinary AQUAL research program, which aims at to strive against diffuse pollutions in rural environment. It also took part in the Phyt'Eau Ref program initiated by the “Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Champagne-Ardenne”. It deals with the comprehension of retention and transfer of pesticides from soil to groundwaters in Champagne-Ardenne. Two different soils by their organic matter and calcite contents, were chosen to carry out the study in order to evaluate the behavior of pesticides in characteristic soils of the region (pH and calcite content). The study was carried out on forty pesticides from various chemical families and having different physico-chemical properties. The aim was to identify the physico-chemical properties of pesticides governing their retention in soils and then to establish a quantitative structure properties relationship (QSPR) predicting the adsorption coefficient Kd. Adsorption and transfer of pesticides were studied in laboratory through batch experiments (equilibrium study) and soil column reconstituted in laboratory. Adsorption isotherm plot followed by a statistical analysis allowed identifying hydrophobicity, polarisability and solubility as the main physico-chemical parameters correlated to the pesticide retention. Relations combining two of these parameters were proposed and tested in order to predict the pesticide adsorption coefficient. Finally, studies in dynamic mode (column) allowed to evidence that the transfer phenomenon can be correlated to the pesticide adsorption nd that it was possible to go from one to the other parameters describing these two phenomena by simple linear relations, allowing to get rid of onerous experiences

Global climate change promotes warming temperatures and altered salinities that pose threats to aquatic ecosystems and species, such as Hyalella azteca. Moreover, these threats to aquatic ecosystems are exacerbated by agricultural, urban, and industrial pesticide runoff. In the state of California in 2012, pyrethroid insecticides were the seventh most applied group by licensed professional applicators for pest control and landscape maintenance. Some species, specifically H. azteca have developed non-target resistance to pyrethroids in California. It is imperative to understand whether the bioenergetic cost of resistance makes H. azteca more susceptible to warming and salinity effects in the presence of contaminants. This research presents an assessment on how multiple stressors can affect the toxicity of permethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) on one Wild-type and two pyrethroid- resistant species of H. azteca, belonging to different clades. A series of 96-h acute toxicity tests exposing animals to a concentration range of permethrin were performed with compounding stress from temperatures (18, 23 and 28 °C) and salinities (0.2, 1.0, and 6.0 practical salinity units [PSU]). Findings indicate resistant H. azteca cultured in pyrethroid-free settings have maintained resistance to permethrin over time, whereas the wild-type population did not develop any resistance over the course of experimentation. For resistant H. azteca, changes in salinity and temperature both increased and decreased survival of H. azteca exposed to permethrin. Between the two resistant clades, not only was survival affected, but the average slope of the dose-response curve was significantly different (p < 0.05); clade D was more susceptible to pyrethroids when coping with warming and higher salinity than clade C., Differential susceptibility potentially indicates that distinct resistance mutations confer a difference in the potency and mode of toxic action. The results provide insight to how changes posed by climate change, coupled with pyrethroid pesticides could be detrimental to this species, and conversely, how in some scenarios, changes to temperature and salinity might actually benefit the survival of H. azteca. These findings further indicate the importance of considering global climate change effects into risk assessments of emerging and legacy use contaminants.