by Fung Hon Yue. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1978. / Bibliography: leaf [70]

by Tsang Kin Ming, Frederick. / Thesis (M.B.A.)-Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1981. / Bibliography: leaves 55-57.

The emergence of biotechnology necessitating change in traditional pharmacological research, cost cutting by hospitals and health insurers, and an increasing number of patent expirations have posed a considerable challenge to the pharmaceutical industry, which hitherto had been considered recession-proof. Responding to this challenge, the industry has undergone tremendous consolidation through mergers and acquisitions (M&As). These M&As have resulted in high concentration within the therapeutic classes of drugs, thereby raising anticompetitive concerns. / In order to allow the mergers to proceed, the Federal Trade Commission in the U.S. had required the merging entities to divest their R&D assets. The European Commission, on the contrary, had taken more permissive approach. / The thesis has argued that R&D divestitures in pharmaceutical cases have not been appropriate as anticompetitive concern arises owing to the acquisition of market power with drug purchasers, rather than the combination of R&D assets. The innovative nature of the industry, and the costs and risks involved in drug discovery make it hard to analyze the likely future state of the market. Ex-post analysis shows that divestiture in these cases proved counterproductive. / It is suggested that ex-post remedies like compulsory licensing and price regulation are preferable in pharmaceutical mergers, as they do not disrupt the companies' R&D structure. Moreover, these remedies could be applied once the anticompetitive concerns become apparent the merger is consummated, thereby allaying the uncertainty involved in the assessment of the future state of innovation markets.

Thesis (J.S.D.)--Stanford University, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-182).

The loss of patent protection for a pharmaceutical product is a significant event for manufacturers. Although this phenomenon has been occurring in the industry for decades, it has been of increased interest during the past few years due to the much publicised “patent cliff” experienced by a number of major pharmaceutical manufacturers. Recent developments in emerging economies such as India and South Africa have brought the concept of intellectual property rights under review. The traditional approach to extend market exclusivity through the use of secondary patents is no longer valid. New product strategies are now required to transition from a patent protected market to an open market. This study adds to the current literature by investigating post-patent strategies pursued in the South African private pharmaceutical market. The primary focus was to determine the rationale behind choosing a particular strategy. This study, exploratory in nature and structured around five propositions, investigated strategies to manage the patent expiry and potential entry from generic competitors. These included manipulating price, increasing promotion, developing value adding product extensions or launching a clone. Information was gathered through 14 interviews with product managers responsible for implementing the chosen strategy. The interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire as well as open-ended questions. Five companies were selected for the study using purposive sampling and each company then self-selected which products would be discussed. The most pursued strategy for the sample was to launch a clone. This allowed the manufacturer to compete with lower priced generics using the clone as well as continue to profit from the remaining brand loyal, price insensitive consumers with the original product. The price of the original product was not used to deter entry or compete with generic products. Profit-maximising behaviour was exhibited by the reduction in advertising and promotional spend after patent expiry. When available, the use of product extensions to extend market exclusivity continued to be a preferred strategy. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / zkgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis argues that the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia- Peopleâ s Army (FARC-EP), Latin Americaâ s oldest and most powerful guerrilla organization, has not abandoned its ideological beliefs and devolved into a criminal enterprise as a result of its immersion in the drug trade and participation in other illicit activities. Rather, the movement remains an ideologically committed, guerrilla insurgency whose strategic objectives include the defeat of the Colombian military, the toppling of the central government, and the establishment of a regime founded on Marxist-Leninist and â Bolivarianâ principles. While recognizing the important role that resources earned from criminal activities have played in strengthening the FARC-EPâ s challenge to the government, this thesis argues that the guerrilla organizationâ s involvement in the drug trade serves exclusively as a means to an end. However, numerous factors including recent changes in leadership, the recruitment of non-ideologically motivated and poorly educated fighters, and the increased operations tempo have led to the weakening of the ideological commitment of the base. Consequently, many of the FARC-EPâ s newer recruits are poorly educated in the political goals of the insurgency. This, combined with the weakening of the organizationâ s leadership could result in the devolution of the FARC-EP into several criminal enterprises. / Outstanding Thesis

This thesis is focused on a private brand of food supplements called IPC COMPLEX. IPC COMPLEX is produced by company Pharmaceutical Corporaration, a.s., and has been freshly introduced in the Czech market. The paper aims to assess production costs and sales in 2013, to calculate mark-up, margin and total gross profit. A comparison of sales with the rival products in each category follows. The evaluation is also subjected to meet the balance sheet established before entering the market. Moreover, the aims of the management are assessed together with return on investments and presumed positive impact on management of the society. The research focuses on monitoring the private brand. The data - provided exclusively for this research, were collected in 2013 and represent all 42 pharmacies owned by the chain IPC in the Czech Republic. The thesis tries to evaluate economic impacts of private brand on the pharmaceutical market for food supplements. These consequences are compared with impacts of private brands in other fields. Generally, the impact is believed to be positive and to be beneficial for powerful retail chains. Despite the minor failures, this thesis proved that a private brand of food supplements can have the very same positive impact on the Czech pharmaceutical market. The private brand has...