From the 1980s onwards pharmaceutical manufacture evolved from a fragmented industry to a global oligopoly. In the ecology literature coevolution theory proposes that V competing species (incumbent firms) interact and shape each others’ development, and V that this in turn potentially shapes the community (industry) structure. This suggests that when exploring how firms’ strategies changed during a period of significant industry change it is important to understand processes of both strategy evolution and coevolution in order to understand the dynamics of strategic change. This led to the research question ‘How did the realised strategies of a heterogeneous set of firms coevolve during the period of pharmaceutical industry consolidation from 1992-2002?’ In order to answer this a categorisation of strategic actions realised by firms in the pharmaceutical industry was developed. This was used as the basis of a methodological framework which used qualitative document analysis to longitudinally analyse how the grand strategies and strategic actions of a set of six pharmaceutical firms evolved and coevolved. These firms had arrived at different strategic outcomes and were selected using purposive sampling and replication logic. For the period 1992-2002 it was found that each firm realised unique patterns of grand strategy evolution. Further, the strategic actions that formed realised strategies coevolved both with the strategic actions of other firms and with the structure of the pharmaceutical industry as it became increasingly consolidated and globalised. Contributions to theories surrounding the environmental determinism versus strategic choice debate have been made with the findings supporting theories of coevolution, incremental and emergent strategy, and temporal patterns in strategy development. New contributions to knowledge were the development of a theory of pharmaceutical industry coevolution, development of a methodological framework for understanding strategic change in the pharmaceutical industry, and the creation of techniques to aid strategic decision making

The Pharmaceutical Industry is important both socially and economically; however, the market structure and conduct which distinguishes it have brought it under the critical eye of both the regulatory authorities and the public. This thesis describes the market structure and conduct of the industry beginning with an historical description of its development and the market theories behind it. It is from these theories that a number of characteristics and behavioural traits have been identified as contrary to the interests of society. As an oligopolistic multinational the pharmaceutical industry has been identified with high prices and profits, a lack of price competition and heavy product differentiation leading to high concentration ratios. Consumer exploitation is possible via these continuously high prices and the possibilities of ineffective, unsafe and poor quality pharmaceuticals. These outcomes emerge from the distinct organisation of various aspects of the industry, viz. research and development, promotional activities, pricing and profits, which are examined. Concerns over possible consumer exploitation have led governments throughout the world to impose increasingly stringent regulations on all of these aspects. Such regulations have significantly changed the market structure and conduct of the industry world-wide. Having established the market structure of the industry the thesis continues with an in-depth look at brand loyalty. Analysis was conducted on the strength of brand loyalty in the face of generic competition and the attitude of doctors to company promotional material. While brand loyalty continues to have an impact on prescribing its strength appears to be diminishing. The market structure and conduct of the pharmaceutical industry is dynamic, with the present industrial climate increasingly competitive for all those concerned. Nevertheless, while the future of the industry will be difficult, evidence of its previous flexibility and strength suggests it will adapt and will continue to be successful.

This dissertation examines precursors, origins, and select efforts of Public Citizen's Health Research Group (HRG), one of the first and most influential consumer advocacy organizations to focus on prescription drug issues before the 1980s. Over the course of seven chapters, I situate HRG's critical appraisals of pharmaceuticals with respect to those made by interwar consumerists, several critics in the 50s, radical health activists in the 60s, contemporary health activists in the 70s and 80s, and activists mobilized by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 90s and 00s. By doing this, and by connecting each of these phases of pharmaceutically-centered critique to the history of social medicine with which it tracked closely, I suggest that late 20th-century pharmaceutical activism was, at least in part, a politically-engaged critique of modern epidemiology's application to health policy and practice. HRG, like reformers both before and after them, were attempting to challenge an American orientation in health policy that emphasized the development and implementation of private clinical medical interventions over population-level public health measures and that failed to contemplate structural alterations to economic and political institutions. I do not mean to argue that the consumer movement was unaffected by ideological transformations in the postwar period that altered the way many people thought about government, or deny that consumerists largely shrunk from the challenge of building a mass-based political coalition across bounds of race and class, depending instead on the engagement of small subsets of mostly middle-class consumers. By recovering the connections between HRG's work and that of other sociomedical reformers who were also concerned about pharmaceuticals, however, I am trying to alter the perception (possessed by critics on both right and left) of late 20th-century consumerism as a middle-class movement untroubled by its alienation from working- class consumers. I also challenge the perception (possessed by only critics on the left) of consumerists as ideologically aligned with "free-market" proponents of "economic" deregulation. By relying upon a spurious distinction between "economic" and "social" (or "health and safety") regulation, such analysts artificially harden the boundary between consumerists and the radical left, make many consumerist actions that were pragmatic appear ideological, and flatten the meaning of consumerist commitment to "health and safety." I argue that HRG represented, at turns, both a perpetuation of the class- conscious radicalism of the late 30s and late 60s and its postponement - a grappling with social determinants of illness that the civil rights and antiwar movements had helped lay bare and a turning to more tractable, class-stratified determinants in lieu of structural change. HRG's story also makes palpable the connections between present-day activism around pharmaceuticals and public health and the long lineage of such advocacy linked to earlier political and social movements. A new generation of activists that emerged alongside the AIDS epidemic in the late 80s and 90s tended to view this reformist heritage at some remove, in part, I argue, because of their alienation from consumer advocates of the late 60s and early 70s. This dissertation thus aims to facilitate strategically-minded reflection by present-day health reformers about the consumer advocacy of the previous generation and the longer history that shaped it.

<p>Innovation is becoming more and more important in modern society. There is a lot of research on different kinds of innovation. Marketing innovation is one kind of innovation that has not been studied frequently before. One useful definition of marketing innovation is new ways which companies can market themselves to potential or existing customers (Halpern, 2010). This thesis focuses on the implementation process of marketing innovation. The research questions are: Which elements will be helpful or obstructive to the implementation process of marketing innovation? How will these positive or negative aspects affect the implementation of marketing innovation projects? How can the implementation of marketing innovation projects be improved? When implementing marketing innovation projects, compared with product innovation projects, what are the differences and similarities? The thesis is built on a literature study on marketing innovation and a case study of a marketing innovation project in the Chinese pharmaceutical company Guizhou YiBai Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd. A Chinese company is chosen because China‟s innovation practice needs improvement and theories which take China as background to guide the implementation process of innovation. The study shows some key elements for marketing innovation that are worth paying attention to when implementing marketing innovation projects. Examples of these key elements found are; paying attention to the neglected market, suitable segmentation of the market, reliable market information, public relationship, increased customer value, combination of market factors, explore different marketing channels and the use of technology in combination. Especially the use of technology can positively affect the implementation of marketing innovation. This thesis also presents some risks that may occurred in marketing innovation, like cost, uncertainty of market, information leakage, imitation and overdependence on experience. If comparing marketing innovation with product innovation there are many common points, but during the implementation process, the focus is different. A focus on the external environment seems to be more important in marketing innovation implementation. At last, this thesis concludes that the development situation of China‟s innovation practice is immature which is shown by the heavy reliance of experience and not theory in innovation projects. A reason for this is that innovation theory, which is taking the context of China in consideration, is lacking but are highly needed.</p>

The pharmaceutical and CRO industries are now very much interdependent on each other for the development of new drugs. This is an analysis on the changing trends of the conduct of clinical trials of new drugs in humans and the outsourcing options that are available. It is also an overview of how clinical trials are conducted in human subjects/patients.

Innovation is becoming more and more important in modern society. There is a lot of research on different kinds of innovation. Marketing innovation is one kind of innovation that has not been studied frequently before. One useful definition of marketing innovation is new ways which companies can market themselves to potential or existing customers (Halpern, 2010). This thesis focuses on the implementation process of marketing innovation. The research questions are: Which elements will be helpful or obstructive to the implementation process of marketing innovation? How will these positive or negative aspects affect the implementation of marketing innovation projects? How can the implementation of marketing innovation projects be improved? When implementing marketing innovation projects, compared with product innovation projects, what are the differences and similarities? The thesis is built on a literature study on marketing innovation and a case study of a marketing innovation project in the Chinese pharmaceutical company Guizhou YiBai Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd. A Chinese company is chosen because China‟s innovation practice needs improvement and theories which take China as background to guide the implementation process of innovation. The study shows some key elements for marketing innovation that are worth paying attention to when implementing marketing innovation projects. Examples of these key elements found are; paying attention to the neglected market, suitable segmentation of the market, reliable market information, public relationship, increased customer value, combination of market factors, explore different marketing channels and the use of technology in combination. Especially the use of technology can positively affect the implementation of marketing innovation. This thesis also presents some risks that may occurred in marketing innovation, like cost, uncertainty of market, information leakage, imitation and overdependence on experience. If comparing marketing innovation with product innovation there are many common points, but during the implementation process, the focus is different. A focus on the external environment seems to be more important in marketing innovation implementation. At last, this thesis concludes that the development situation of China‟s innovation practice is immature which is shown by the heavy reliance of experience and not theory in innovation projects. A reason for this is that innovation theory, which is taking the context of China in consideration, is lacking but are highly needed.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-289). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-238). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

No description available.