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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Επισκόπηση μεθόδων ελέγχου αναισθησίας ασθενών

Τρίχας, Δημήτριος 13 January 2015 (has links)
Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, πραγματοποιείται μία εκτεταμένη βιβλιογραφική αναφορά των πιο γνωστών και ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενων μεθόδων για τον έλεγχο του βάθους της αναισθησίας (DoA) σε ασθενείς. Αν και ο χειροκίνητος έλεγχος της αναισθησίας παραμένει ο πιο διαδεδομένος τρόπος κατά τη διάρκεια των χειρουργικών επεμβάσεων, έχει πραγματοποιηθεί μία πληθώρα ερευνών και δοκιμών προκειμένου να αυτοματοποιηθεί η συγκεκριμένη διαδικασία. Στις περισσότερες μάλιστα από αυτές χρησιμοποιούνται μοντέλα PID ελεγκτών. Προκειμένου να επιτευχθούν καλύτερα επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης και ακρίβειας, έχουν προταθεί διαφορετικοί τρόποι αντιμετώπισης που εφαρμόζονται πλέον σε ρεαλιστικά μοντέλα ασθενών. Επομένως, στη συγκεκριμένη εργασία γίνεται αναφορά στα διάφορα υπολογιστικά συστήματα που χρησιμοποιούνται επί του παρόντος για την υλοποίηση αλγορίθμων προβλεπτικού ελέγχου, περιγράφεται με λεπτομέρειες ο τρόπος εξαγωγής των Φαρμακοκινητικών και Φαρμακοδυναμικών μοντέλων, καθώς και επίσης μελετάται ο τρόπος λειτουργίας και η απόδοση διάφορων ελεγκτών, όπως απλός PID, MPC, RTDA και ενός deadbeat ελεγκτή, με σκοπό την εξομάλυνση της ύπνωσης έχοντας ως κύρια μεταβλητή ελέγχου την προποφόλη. / In this diploma thesis, there is an extended literature review of the most known and used methods for the depth of anesthesia (DoA) control systems. Although manual control of anesthesia is still the dominant practice during surgery, an increasing number of studies have been conducted to investigate the possibility of automating this procedure. These studies used proportional−integral−derivative (PID) controllers, as well as model-based controllers. However, there is a need for a comprehensive evaluation of closed-loop systems, to establish their safety, reliability, and efficacy for anesthesia regulation. This requires a detailed evaluation of promising and/or recent controllers for a range of patients and conditions via simulation. The present study investigates the different computational systems that are used to implement the appropriate algorithms for MPC ,the mathematic model of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics models and the performance of single-loop PID, MPC, RTDA (Robustness, set point Tracking, Disturbance rejection, Aggressiveness) and deadbeat controllers for closed-loop regulation of hypnosis using propofol with bi spectral index (BIS) as the controlled variable
2

Adaptation of dosing regimen of chemotherapies based on pharmacodynamic models

Paule, Inès 29 September 2011 (has links) (PDF)
There is high variability in response to cancer chemotherapies among patients. Its sources are diverse: genetic, physiologic, comorbidities, concomitant medications, environment, compliance, etc. As the therapeutic window of anticancer drugs is usually narrow, such variability may have serious consequences: severe (even life-threatening) toxicities or lack of therapeutic effect. Therefore, various approaches to individually tailor treatments and dosing regimens have been developed: a priori (based on genetic information, body size, drug elimination functions, etc.) and a posteriori (that is using information of measurements of drug exposure and/or effects). Mixed-effects modelling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD), combined with Bayesian maximum a posteriori probability estimation of individual effects, is the method of choice for a posteriori adjustments of dosing regimens. In this thesis, a novel approach to adjust the doses on the basis of predictions, given by a model for ordered categorical observations of toxicity, was developed and investigated by computer simulations. More technical aspects concerning the estimation of individual parameters were analysed to determine the factors of good performance of the method. These works were based on the example of capecitabine-induced hand-and-foot syndrome in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Moreover, a review of pharmacodynamic models for discrete data (categorical, count, time-to-event) was performed. Finally, PK-PD analyses of hydroxyurea in the treatment of sickle cell anemia were performed and used to compare different dosing regimens and determine the optimal measures for monitoring the treatment
3

Adaptation of dosing regimen of chemotherapies based on pharmacodynamic models / Adaptation de posologie de chimiothérapies basée sur des modèles pharmacodynamiques

Paule, Inès 29 September 2011 (has links)
Il existe une grande variabilité dans la réponse aux chimiothérapies anticancéreuses. Ses sources sont diverses: génétiques, physiologiques, comorbidités, médicaments associés, etc. La marge thérapeutique de ces médicaments étant généralement étroite, une telle variabilité peut avoir de graves conséquences: toxicités graves ou absence d'effet thérapeutique. Plusieurs approches pour adapter individuellement les posologies ont été proposées: a priori (basées sur l'information génétique, la taille corporelle, les fonctions d'élimination, etc.) et a posteriori (sur les informations de mesures d'exposition au médicament et/ou effets). La modélisation à effets-mixtes de la pharmacocinétique et de la pharmacodynamie (PK-PD), combinée avec une estimation bayésienne des effets individuels, est la meilleure méthode pour individualiser des schémas posologiques a posteriori. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle approche pour ajuster les doses sur la base des prédictions données par un modèle pour les observations catégorielles de toxicité a été développée et explorée par simulation. Les aspects plus techniques concernant l'estimation des paramètres individuels ont été analysés pour déterminer les facteurs de bonne performance de la méthode. Ces travaux étaient basés sur l'exemple du syndrome mains-pieds induit par la capécitabine dans le traitement du cancer colorectal. Une revue des modèles pharmacodynamiques de données discrètes (catégorielles, de comptage, de survie) a été effectuée. Enfin, des analyses PK-PD de l'hydroxyurée dans le traitement de la drépanocytose ont été réalisées pour comparer des différentes posologies et déterminer les modalités optimales de suivi du traitement / There is high variability in response to cancer chemotherapies among patients. Its sources are diverse: genetic, physiologic, comorbidities, concomitant medications, environment, compliance, etc. As the therapeutic window of anticancer drugs is usually narrow, such variability may have serious consequences: severe (even life-threatening) toxicities or lack of therapeutic effect. Therefore, various approaches to individually tailor treatments and dosing regimens have been developed: a priori (based on genetic information, body size, drug elimination functions, etc.) and a posteriori (that is using information of measurements of drug exposure and/or effects). Mixed-effects modelling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD), combined with Bayesian maximum a posteriori probability estimation of individual effects, is the method of choice for a posteriori adjustments of dosing regimens. In this thesis, a novel approach to adjust the doses on the basis of predictions, given by a model for ordered categorical observations of toxicity, was developed and investigated by computer simulations. More technical aspects concerning the estimation of individual parameters were analysed to determine the factors of good performance of the method. These works were based on the example of capecitabine-induced hand-and-foot syndrome in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Moreover, a review of pharmacodynamic models for discrete data (categorical, count, time-to-event) was performed. Finally, PK-PD analyses of hydroxyurea in the treatment of sickle cell anemia were performed and used to compare different dosing regimens and determine the optimal measures for monitoring the treatment

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