Load models have evolved from simple ZIP model to composite model that incorporates the transient dynamics of motor loads. This research utilizes the latest trend on Machine Learning and builds reliable and accurate composite load model. A composite load model is a combination of static (ZIP) model paralleled with a dynamic model. The dynamic model, recommended by Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC), is an induction motor representation. In this research, a dual cage induction motor with 20 parameters pertaining to its dynamic behavior, starting behavior, and per unit calculations is used as a dynamic model. For machine learning algorithms, a large amount of data is required. The required PMU field data and the corresponding system models are considered Critical Energy Infrastructure Information (CEII) and its access is limited. The next best option for the required amount of data is from a simulating environment like PSSE. The IEEE 118 bus system is used as a test setup in PSSE and dynamic simulations generate the required data samples. Each of the samples contains data on Bus Voltage, Bus Current, and Bus Frequency with corresponding induction motor parameters as target variables. It was determined that the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with multivariate input to single parameter output approach worked best. Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is also experimented side by side to see if an additional set of information of timestamps would help the model prediction. Moreover, a different definition of a dynamic model with a transfer function-based load is also studied. Here, the dynamic model is defined as a mathematical representation of the relation between bus voltage, bus frequency, and active/reactive power flowing in the bus. With this form of load representation, Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), a variation of RNN, performed better than the concurrent algorithms like Support Vector Regression (SVR). The result of this study is a load model consisting of parameters defining the load at load bus whose predictions are compared against simulated parameters to examine their validity for use in contingency analysis. / Master of Science / Independent system Operators (ISO) and Distribution system operators (DSO) have a responsibility to provide uninterrupted power supply to consumers. That along with the longing to keep operating cost minimum, engineers and planners study the system beforehand and seek to find the optimum capacity for each of the power system elements like generators, transformers, transmission lines, etc. Then they test the overall system using power system models, which are mathematical representation of the real components, to verify the stability and strength of the system. However, the verification is only as good as the system models that are used. As most of the power systems components are controlled by the operators themselves, it is easy to develop a model from their perspective. The load is the only component controlled by consumers. Hence, the necessity of better load models. Several studies have been made on static load modeling and the performance is on par with real behavior. But dynamic loading, which is a load behavior dependent on time, is rather difficult to model. Some attempts on dynamic load modeling can be found already. Physical component-based and mathematical transfer function based dynamic models are quite widely used for the study. These load structures are largely accepted as a good representation of the systems dynamic behavior. With a load structure in hand, the next task is estimating their parameters. In this research, we tested out some new machine learning methods to accurately estimate the parameters. Thousands of simulated data are used to train machine learning models. After training, we validated the models on some other unseen data. This study finally goes on to recommend better methods to load modeling.

Real-time monitoring of electromechanical oscillations is of great significance for power system operators; to this aim, software solutions (algorithms) that use synchrophasor measurements have been developed for this purpose. This thesis investigates different approaches for improving mode estimation process by offering new methods and deepening the understanding of different stages in the mode estimation process. One of the problems tackled in this thesis is the selection of synchrophasor signals used as the input for mode estimation. The proposed selection is performed using a quantitative criterion that is based on the variance of the critical mode estimate. The proposed criterion and associated selection method, offer a systematic and quantitative approach for PMU signal selection. The thesis also analyzes methods for model order selection used in mode estimation. Further, negative effects of forced oscillations and non-white noise load random changes on mode estimation results have been addressed by exploiting the intrinsic power system property that the characteristics of electromechanical modes are predominately determined by the power generation and transmission network. An improved accuracy of the mode estimation process can be obtained by intentionally injecting a probing disturbance. The thesis presents an optimization method that finds the optimal spectrum of the probing signals. In addition, the probing signal with the optimal spectrum is generated considering arbitrary time domain signal constraints that can be imposed by various probing signal generating devices. Finally, the thesis provides a comprehensive description of a practical implementation of a real-time mode estimation tool. This includes description of the hardware, software architecture, graphical user interface, as well as details of the most important components such as the Statnett’s SDK that allows easy access to synchrophasor data streams. / <p>The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively.</p><p>QC 20160218</p> / FP7 iTesla

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Shelli Starrett / Variability in power systems is increasing due to pushing the system to limits for economic purposes, the inclusion of new energy sources like wind turbines and photovoltaic, and the introduction of new types of loads such as electric vehicle chargers. In this new environment, system monitoring and control must keep pace to insure system stability and reliability on a wide area scale. Phasor measurement unit technology implementation is growing and can be used to provide input signals to new types of control. Fuzzy logic based power system stabilizer (PSS) controllers have also been shown effective in various studies. This thesis considers several choices of input signals, composed assuming phasor measurement availability, for fuzzy logic-based controllers. The purpose of the controller is to damp power systems’ low frequency oscillations. Nonlinear transient simulation results for a 4-machine two-area system and 50 machine system are used to compare the effects of input choice and controller type on damping of system oscillations. Reactive power in the system affects voltage, which in turn affects system damping and dynamic stability. System stability and damping can be enhanced by deploying SVC controllers properly. Different types of power system variables play critical role to damp power swings using SVC controller. A fuzzy logic based static var compensator (SVC) was used near a generator to damp these electromechanical oscillations using different PMU-acquired inputs. The goal was again improve dynamic stability and damping performance of the system at local and global level. Nonlinear simulations were run to compare the damping performance of different inputs on the 50 machine system.

abstract: In modern electric power systems, energy management systems (EMSs) are responsi-ble for monitoring and controlling the generation system and transmission networks. State estimation (SE) is a critical `must run successful' component within the EMS software. This is dictated by the high reliability requirements and need to represent the closest real time model for market operations and other critical analysis functions in the EMS. Tradi-tionally, SE is run with data obtained only from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) devices and systems. However, more emphasis on improving the performance of SE drives the inclusion of phasor measurement units (PMUs) into SE input data. PMU measurements are claimed to be more accurate than conventional measurements and PMUs `time stamp' measurements accurately. These widely distributed devices meas-ure the voltage phasors directly. That is, phase information for measured voltages and currents are available. PMUs provide data time stamps to synchronize measurements. Con-sidering the relatively small number of PMUs installed in contemporary power systems in North America, performing SE with only phasor measurements is not feasible. Thus a hy-brid SE, including both SCADA and PMU measurements, is the reality for contemporary power system SE. The hybrid approach is the focus of a number of research papers. There are many practical challenges in incorporating PMUs into SE input data. The higher reporting rates of PMUs as compared with SCADA measurements is one of the salient problems. The disparity of reporting rates raises a question whether buffering the phasor measurements helps to give better estimates of the states. The research presented in this thesis addresses the design of data buffers for PMU data as used in SE applications in electric power systems. The system theoretic analysis is illustrated using an operating electric power system in the southwest part of the USA. Var-ious instances of state estimation data have been used for analysis purposes. The details of the research, results obtained and conclusions drawn are presented in this document. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013

More and more system operators are interested in calculating transfer capability in real-time using real-time power flow models generated from the Energy Management System (EMS). However, compared to off-line study models, EMS models usually cover only a limited portion of the interconnected system. In most situations, it is not practical to extend the EMS model to capture the impact of the external systems and therefore using an equivalent network becomes necessary. The development of equivalent circuits to represent external areas was a topic discussed over the last 50 years. Almost all of these methods require impedance information about the external area to develop the equivalent circuit. Unfortunately utilities do not have the external impedance information in the real-time. Therefore, normal industry practice is to use off-line studies to develop an equivalent circuit and use that circuit in the real-time operation without any validation. This can result in errors in the security assessment. Therefore, power industry need a method to develop or validate an equivalent circuit based on the available real-time information. This thesis work is focussed on meeting that industry need. The work on this thesis presents two new methods that can be used to generate an equivalent circuit based on the boundary conditions. This method involves calculating equivalent impedance between two areas based on the boundary stations voltages, voltage angles and power leaving the boundary stations into external areas. This thesis uses power system simulation between two areas to change the system condition to obtain different boundary bus voltages, voltage angles and power injections to generate necessary data. Regression analysis and least square method is then used to generate the equivalent circuit using these data. It is expected that system changes will provide necessary information in the real-time to generate the equivalent circuit. The proposed methodology is validated with modified three area 300 bus system as well as using Manitoba Hydro’s system. Contingency analysis, transfer level calcula-tion and PV curves analysis is used to validate the proposed method. Simulation results show that the proposed method produces adequate accuracy in comparison with detailed off-line system models. The main advantage of the proposed method as compared to other existing meth-ods such as Ward and REI is that the proposed method does not require external imped-ance information to generate the equivalent circuit. The ability to generate reasonably good equivalent circuit only using available boundary information will help utilities to generate or validate the equivalent circuit based on the current system conditions, which will intern help improve the accuracy of the security assessment / February 2017

Esta tese investiga novas estratégias para a construção de modelos em tempo real de Sistemas Elétricos de Potência. Busca-se a melhoria das funções de Estimação de Estado e aplicações correlatas por meio da consideração da medição fasorial sincronizada, fornecida por dispositivos PMUs, em ambientes onde as regiões monitoradas são de domínios de empresas diferentes e cuja distribuição geográfica apresenta distâncias consideráveis, como é o caso brasileiro. Uma das tarefas mais críticas dentro deste contexto é a representação adequada de sistemas não monitorados, que devem ser modelados de forma precisa, robusta e, preferencialmente, considerando dados que são acessíveis ao operador. A incorporação de redes externas em estimação multiárea é efetuada por uma etapa adicional de estimação ou embutida diretamente nos processos iterativos locais, mediante, neste último caso, a exigência de contínuos fluxos de dados entre áreas. No entanto, constata-se, neste estudo, que modelos clássicos de Equivalentes Externos reduzidos, particularmente os modelos tipo Ward, atendem satisfatoriamente aos requisitos computacionais e de precisão do problema, desde que sejam devidamente atualizados a cada mudança do ponto de operação. Desta forma, considerando sincrofasores de tensão e de corrente coletados por PMUs em regiões de fronteira, desenvolve-se um modelo de Estimação de Estado Descentralizada em que a etapa de pós-processamento por agentes externos independentes é removida, permitindo a obtenção do estado interconectado em um único passo, sem intercâmbio de dados operacionais em tempo real. Dois modelos são implementados, que diferem essencialmente na forma de tratamento dos dados de equivalentes externos. A metodologia é codificada em linguagem C++, sendo validada nos Sistemas IEEE de 14, 30 e 118 barras sob várias configurações de medição e de particionamento, mediante análise estatística e comparação de estimativas com valores de referência. Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade da proposta para o fornecimento de modelos de estimação de estado mais confiáveis, adaptados à atual tendência de descentralização de redes elétricas, sem grandes alterações nas funções já existentes e sob um custo computacional reduzido. Sugerem também a factibilidade do tratamento conjunto das funções relacionadas a Estimação de Estado e Equivalentes Externos. / New approaches for the real time modelling of Power Systems are investigated in this work. The improvement of State Estimation and related functions is pursued with the aid of synchronized measurements gathered by PMU devices, in a multi-owner environment where utilities are independent and distributed across large distances, as in the Brazilian interconnected system case. One of the critical tasks on this subject is the correct representation of non-monitored networks in precise and feasible way, where less data traffic between operators is preferable. In Multiarea State Estimation, the incorporation of external networks is usually performed as the additional estimation phase or directly included in local estimation models by means of inter-area communication channels. This research shows that classic models of External Equivalents, specially Ward types, meet the computational and precision requirements of the problem if they are correctly updated after changes in the operating point. Thus, by using voltage and current synchrophasors measured by boundary PMUs, a Decentralized State Estimation model is developed, where the need for a post-processing higher coordination step is suppressed, allowing the interconnected state to be found rapidly, in a single step and with no real time data exchange. Two strategies of including on-line information about External Equivalents are proposed, taking it as regular measurements or constraints to be imposed in the classical formulation. A computational software coded in C++ language is built to support the models, which are validated with the IEEE-14, 30 and 118 test bed systems, under several placement strategies and split network schemes. A consistent statistical analysis of the results is also performed, where outcomes are compared with reference values of a regular estimator. Results indicate the feasibility to generate reliable and robust real time models, without significant changes in existing energy management applications, and also shows the greater benefits of integrating State Estimation and External Equivalents into a single framework.

Esta tese investiga novas estratégias para a construção de modelos em tempo real de Sistemas Elétricos de Potência. Busca-se a melhoria das funções de Estimação de Estado e aplicações correlatas por meio da consideração da medição fasorial sincronizada, fornecida por dispositivos PMUs, em ambientes onde as regiões monitoradas são de domínios de empresas diferentes e cuja distribuição geográfica apresenta distâncias consideráveis, como é o caso brasileiro. Uma das tarefas mais críticas dentro deste contexto é a representação adequada de sistemas não monitorados, que devem ser modelados de forma precisa, robusta e, preferencialmente, considerando dados que são acessíveis ao operador. A incorporação de redes externas em estimação multiárea é efetuada por uma etapa adicional de estimação ou embutida diretamente nos processos iterativos locais, mediante, neste último caso, a exigência de contínuos fluxos de dados entre áreas. No entanto, constata-se, neste estudo, que modelos clássicos de Equivalentes Externos reduzidos, particularmente os modelos tipo Ward, atendem satisfatoriamente aos requisitos computacionais e de precisão do problema, desde que sejam devidamente atualizados a cada mudança do ponto de operação. Desta forma, considerando sincrofasores de tensão e de corrente coletados por PMUs em regiões de fronteira, desenvolve-se um modelo de Estimação de Estado Descentralizada em que a etapa de pós-processamento por agentes externos independentes é removida, permitindo a obtenção do estado interconectado em um único passo, sem intercâmbio de dados operacionais em tempo real. Dois modelos são implementados, que diferem essencialmente na forma de tratamento dos dados de equivalentes externos. A metodologia é codificada em linguagem C++, sendo validada nos Sistemas IEEE de 14, 30 e 118 barras sob várias configurações de medição e de particionamento, mediante análise estatística e comparação de estimativas com valores de referência. Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade da proposta para o fornecimento de modelos de estimação de estado mais confiáveis, adaptados à atual tendência de descentralização de redes elétricas, sem grandes alterações nas funções já existentes e sob um custo computacional reduzido. Sugerem também a factibilidade do tratamento conjunto das funções relacionadas a Estimação de Estado e Equivalentes Externos. / New approaches for the real time modelling of Power Systems are investigated in this work. The improvement of State Estimation and related functions is pursued with the aid of synchronized measurements gathered by PMU devices, in a multi-owner environment where utilities are independent and distributed across large distances, as in the Brazilian interconnected system case. One of the critical tasks on this subject is the correct representation of non-monitored networks in precise and feasible way, where less data traffic between operators is preferable. In Multiarea State Estimation, the incorporation of external networks is usually performed as the additional estimation phase or directly included in local estimation models by means of inter-area communication channels. This research shows that classic models of External Equivalents, specially Ward types, meet the computational and precision requirements of the problem if they are correctly updated after changes in the operating point. Thus, by using voltage and current synchrophasors measured by boundary PMUs, a Decentralized State Estimation model is developed, where the need for a post-processing higher coordination step is suppressed, allowing the interconnected state to be found rapidly, in a single step and with no real time data exchange. Two strategies of including on-line information about External Equivalents are proposed, taking it as regular measurements or constraints to be imposed in the classical formulation. A computational software coded in C++ language is built to support the models, which are validated with the IEEE-14, 30 and 118 test bed systems, under several placement strategies and split network schemes. A consistent statistical analysis of the results is also performed, where outcomes are compared with reference values of a regular estimator. Results indicate the feasibility to generate reliable and robust real time models, without significant changes in existing energy management applications, and also shows the greater benefits of integrating State Estimation and External Equivalents into a single framework.

The research topics presented in this dissertation focus on validation of customer-level voltage synchrophasor data for transmission system analysis, detection and categorization of power system events as measured by phasor measurement units (PMUs), and identification of the influence of power system conditions (wind power, daily and seasonal load variation) on low-frequency oscillations. Synchrophasor data can provide information across entire power systems but obtaining the data, handling the large dataset and developing tools to extract useful information from it is a challenge. To overcome the challenge of obtaining data, an independent synchrophasor network was created by taking synchrophasor measurements at customer-level voltage. The first objective is to determine if synchrophasor data taken at customer-level voltage is an accurate representation of power system behavior. The validation process was started by installing a transmission level (69 kV) PMU. The customer-level voltage measurements were validated by comparison of long term trends and low-frequency oscillations estimates. The techniques best suited for synchrophasor data analysis were identified after a detailed study and comparison. The same techniques were also applied to detect power system events resulting in the creation of novel categories for numerous events based on shared characteristics. The numerical characteristics for each category and the ranges of each numerical characteristic for each event category are identified. The final objective is to identify trends in power system behavior related to wind power and daily and seasonal variations by utilizing signal processing and statistical techniques. / text

Une infrastructure robuste de surveillance basée sur des mesures numériques classiques est souvent utilisée pour permettre une gestion efficace du réseau de distribution électrique, néanmoins les mesures de phaseurs synchronisés, également connu comme synchrophaseurs, sont particulièrement efficaces pour améliorer la capacité de gestion et la surveillance de ces réseaux. Le synchrophaseur est un phaseur numériquement calculé à partir des échantillons de données en utilisant une source temporelle absolue pour un horodatage extrêmement précis des mesures effectuées.De ce fait, les applications des synchrophaseurs sont très nombreuses dans les réseaux électriques, en particulier dans les réseaux de transport. Ils permettent notamment de mesurer la différence angulaire entre les noeuds, l'estimation d'état linéaire, détecter l'îlotage, surveiller la stabilité oscillatoire, et détecter et identifier les défauts. Ainsi, nous pourrions être amenés à croire que pour apporter les avantages bien connus des mesures synchronisées vers les réseaux de distribution électriques, il serait seulement nécessaire de placer les Unités de Mesure de Phaseur, également connu par l'abréviation anglophone PMU, d'une manière directe dans l'environnement de la distribution électrique. Malheureusement, cette tâchen'est pas aussi évidente qu'elle n'y paraît.Les réseaux de distribution électriques et les réseaux de transport ont des caractéristiques opérationnelles différentes, donc les PMUs dédiées aux réseaux de distribution doivent avoir des caractéristiques différentes de celles consacrées aux réseaux haute tension. Les réseaux de distribution intelligents possèdent des longueurs de ligne plus courtes en produisant une ouverture angulaire plus petite entre les noeuds adjacents. En outre, le contenu harmonique élevé et la déviation en fréquence imposent aussi des défis pour l'estimation des phaseurs. Les appareils synchronisés avancés dédiés pour la surveillance du réseau de distribution doivent surmonter ces défis afin de mener la précision des mesures au-delà des exigences actuelles.Cette problématique globale est traitée et évaluée dans la présente thèse. La précision de l'estimation de phaseur est directement liée à la performance de l'algorithme utilisé pour traiter les données. Une grande robustesse contre les effets pernicieux qui peuvent dégrader la qualité des estimations est fortement souhaitée. De ce fait, trois algorithmes adaptifs en fréquence sont présentés en visant l'amélioration du processus d'estimation des mesures de phaseurs dans les réseaux de distribution actifs. Plusieurs simulations en utilisant des signaux corrompus sont réalisées pour évaluer leurs performances dans des conditions statiques et/ou dynamiques.Prenant en compte l'estimation précise des phaseurs, quatre applications potentielles sont présentées pour augmenter la perception, la compréhension et la projection des actions dans les réseaux de distribution. Des contributions sont apportées concernant le circuit équivalent de Thévenin vu par le point de couplage commun (PCC) entre la production décentralisée et les réseaux de distribution. Des contributions sont également apportées pour les équivalents dynamiques externes et l'évaluation de la chute de tension dans les réseaux moyenne-tension radiaux, ainsi que l'évaluation de la problématique des harmoniques pour l'amélioration de la méthode classique nomée PH (puissance active harmonique) pour détecter à la fois la principale source de pollution harmonique et le vrai flux de puissance harmonique sous déviation en fréquence.Le sujet des mesures de phaseurs synchronisés dans le réseaux électrique de distribution est encore peu exploré et les questionnements quant à son applicabilité sont communs, néanmoins cette thèse vise à fournir des propositions pour contribuer à l'avènement de mesures de phaseurs dans l'environnement de la distribution électrique. / Robust metering infrastructure based on classical digital measurements has been used to enable a comprehensive power distribution network management, however synchronized phasor measurements, also known as synchrophasors, are especially welcome to improve the overall framework capabilities. Synchrophasor is a phasor digitally computed from data samples using an absolute and accuracy time source as reference. In this way, since the absolute time source has sufficient accuracy to synchronize voltage and current measurements at geographically distant locations, it is possible to extract valuable informations of the real grid operating status without full knowledge of its characteristics.Due to this fact, applications of synchronized phasor measurements in wide-area management systems (WAMSs) have been achieved. Angular separation, linear state estimation, islanding detection, oscillatory stability, and disturbance location identification are some of the several applications that have been proposed. Thus, we could be lead to believe that to bring the well-known benefits of the synchronized measurements toward electric distribution grids it is only required to place in a straightforward manner conventional Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) into the electric distribution environment. Unfortunately, this is not as simple as it seems.Electric power distribution systems and high-voltage power systems have different operational characteristics, hence PMUs or PMU-enabled IEDs dedicated to distribution systems should have different features from those devoted to the high-voltage systems. Active distribution grids with shorter line lengths produce smaller angular aperture between their adjacent busbars. In addition, high harmonic content and frequency deviation impose more challenges for estimating phasors. Generally, frequency deviation is related to high-voltage power systems, however, due to the interconnected nature of the overall power system, frequency deviation can be propagated toward the distribution grid. The integration of multiple high-rate DERs with poor control capabilities can also impose local frequency drift. Advanced synchronized devices dedicated to smart monitoring framework must overcome these challenges in order to lead the measurement accuracy beyond the levels stipulated by current standard requirements.This overall problematic is treated and evaluated in the present thesis. Phasor estimation accuracy is directly related to the algorithm's performance used for processing the incoming data. Robustness against pernicious effects that can degrade the quality of the estimates is highly desired. Due to this fact, three frequency-adaptive algorithms are presented aiming to boost the phasor estimation process in active distribution grids. Several simulations using spurious and distorted signals are performed for evaluating their performances under static and/or dynamic conditions.Taking into account accurate phasor estimates, four potential applications are presented seeking to increase situational awareness in distribution environment. Contributions are presented concerning online Thévenin's equivalent (TE) circuit seen by the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) between DERs and the grid side, dynamic external equivalents and online three-phase voltage drop assessment in primary radial distribution grids, as well as assessment of harmonic issues for improving the classical PH method (harmonic active power) to detect both the main source of harmonic pollution and true power flow direction under frequency deviation.The issue of synchronized phasor measurements in electric power distribution systems is still underexplored and suspicions about its applicability are common, however this thesis aims to provide propositions to contribute with the advent of phasor measurements in electric distribution environment.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-15T15:27:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridsoarespereira.pdf: 1591373 bytes, checksum: 3eaabd818bc093a00de802152356d2ea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:19:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridsoarespereira.pdf: 1591373 bytes, checksum: 3eaabd818bc093a00de802152356d2ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:19:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridsoarespereira.pdf: 1591373 bytes, checksum: 3eaabd818bc093a00de802152356d2ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para o problema de Estimação de Estados em Redes de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica utilizando os dados históricos de cargas e medidas obtidas pelos Sistemas de Medição Fasorial Sicronizada (PMUs – Phasor Measurement Units). Nesta formulação as tensões em módulo e fase são escolhidas como variáveis de estados e o problema é matematicamente formulado como um problema de otimização com restrições de igualdade e desigualdade. A função objetivo é formada pela soma quadrática dos resíduos de estimação, definidos como a diferença entre os valores medidos através das PMUs e os valores calculados. As restrições de igualdade são as injeções de potencia ativa e reativa nulas nas barras de passagem. As restrições de desigualdade estão associadas às potências ativas e reativas das barras não monitoradas, onde admite-se limites inferiores e superiores em função dos dados históricos das cargas (potências ativas e reativas). Estudos de casos são realizados utilizando-se um sistemas simples 10 barras, e os sistemas IEEE da literatura de 33 e 84 barras. Os dados de medições fasoriais foram obtidos utilizandose um programa computacional de cálculo de fluxo de potência. Os resultados da estimação de estados utilizando a metodologia proposta foram obtidos através de simulações no ambiente MATLAB e comparados com os resultados do programa de fluxo de potência para validação. A utilização de medição fasorial sincronizada nos entroncamentos e no final dos ramais do sistema de distribuição associada à utilização de restrições de desigualdade para as potências ativas e reativas das cargas não monitoradas são as principais contribuições deste trabalho. / This work presents a new approach to the State Estimation problem in Electrical Distribution Networks using historical data loads and measurements obtained by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). In this formulation voltage magnitudes and angles are chosen as state variables and the problem is mathematically formulated as an optimization problem with equality and inequality constraints. The objective function is formed by the quadratic sum of weighted measurements residues, which are defined as the difference between the PMU measurements and the calculated values. The equality constraints are defined as the zero injections of active and reactive power at the no load buses. The inequality constraints are associated with active and reactive powers of non-monitored buses, bounded by a given limit, superior or inferior in relation to historical data loads (active and reactive powers). Case studies are performed using a simple 10-bus test system, and the 33 and 84 buses IEEE test systems. The data phasor measurements were obtained using a computer program that calculates power flow. The state estimation results using the proposed methodology were obtained through simulations in MATLAB environment and compared with the results of power flow program for validation. The use of synchronized phasor measurement at the beginning and at the end of the lateral feeders of the distribution system associated with the use of inequality constraints for active and reactive power for the non-monitored loads are the main contributions of this work.