Thesis (Ph.D.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Doctoral dissertation. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

The Ifugao is one of the well-studied indigenous peoples in the Philippines from the Cordillera Region in the northern Philippines. They have a characteristic music that has historically been differentiated from the majority of the population in the country who perform and listen to Western music. There are substantial ethnographic monographs about their society and their chants, but organological studies of their musical instruments have not been undertaken in any detail. This thesis examines a collection of Ifugao musical instruments archived between the early 20th century and the present to help understand changes and transformations of the group’s musical culture. The musical instruments were examined in various institutions in the Philippines and United States, and a typological analysis was conducted. Fieldwork was also conducted in the summer of 2010 to further investigate the presence or absence of these traditional musical instruments in current Ifugao culture. The materials were systematically measured and assessed based on the von Hornbostel and Sachs classification scheme with full recognition of its later revisions. Most of the musical instruments are no longer in use. The loss of skill in playing and making instruments has gone along with the marked decline of agriculture in the area and the rapid shift towards tourism and urbanization during the middle of the 20th century. Diversity, variations, and ingenuity in their creation declined considerably during this period and the remaining few musical instruments have been transformed into objects primarily designed for public performance or sale to tourists. Attempts to revive cultural heritage have had the paradoxical consequence of introducing non-traditional instruments, in coexistence with an altered image of the past. / published_or_final_version / Music / Master / Master of Philosophy

The aim of this thesis is to examine how the Filipino children are affected when either one or both of their parents are living and working abroad based from a teacher’s point of view. Focus is directed towards influences on the daily life of children. The study is based on qualitative interviews with six high school teachers, from two different schools. Their statements have been analyzed by using the theory of attachment and sentence categorization. The teachers described that they think it is a common thought that left-behind children tend to have a bad behavior. However, none of these teachers described the children that they are teaching in that manner but in fact, they described them as responsible, independent and good students. Conclusion of the study is that the cultural context and the environment affect how the children are able to cope with their situation. It was also found that the role of the mother has a significant importance for these children. There is also great need of a motherly and fatherly figure, even though it is not the biological parents of the children.

After nearly 400 years of colonial occupation by Spain, the Philippine Islands were signed over to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris along with other Spanish colonies, Guam and Puerto Rico. The American acquisition of the Philippine archipelago marked the beginning of rapid linguistic, social and political transformations that have been at the center of life in the Philippines for the last century, characterized by massive swings in national language policy, the structuration of the modern educational system, political reorganizations and increased involvement in the global economy. The rapid expansion of "education-for-all" during the American Period (1898-1946) set the foundation for the role of education in daily life and created a nation of multilinguals - contemporarily, most people speak, at the very least, functional English and Filipino (official and national languages, respectively) in conjunction with their L1 (mother tongue), of which there are an estimated 170 living varieties throughout the island array. This study focuses on the minority language of Ilocano, a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) language family and is the third largest minority language spoken in the Philippines with over 9 million speakers spread throughout the islands, having a strong literary tradition and a clearly defined ethnolinguistic homeland in the northernmost region of the island of Luzon. The articles contained in this dissertation variously investigate the linguistic, social, and ideological implications of the last century of contact and colonization among speakers of Ilocano and seek to understand why (and how), in light of colonization, missionization, Americanization, and globalization, minority languages like Ilocano have remained robust. Taken together, these analyses shed light on the dynamic interplay between linguistic, social, and ideological processes as they shape contemporary language practices found among Ilocano speakers negotiating the terms of their local and national participation in a continually shifting social, political, and linguistic landscape.

This dissertation charts the social interactions, work experiences, and routes traveled by Asian workers within and between the colonial Philippines and Mexico between 1571 and 1720. Residents of early colonial Mexico called these workers chinos. Most free chinos were Filipinos, but enslaved chinos had origins all over Asia. Chinos crossed the Pacific on the Manila galleons, which sailed between the Philippines and Mexico. These ships facilitated the exchange of American products, mostly silver, for Asian products, primarily textiles. This study explores the social and spatial mobility of chinos to show how trade between and within the Americas and Asia opened a new chapter in the social history of the early modern world. This project expands the study of Latin American history in three ways. First, it analyzes the ways in which chinos, especially Filipinos, created and sustained colonial Mexico as part of a Pacific world, advancing scholarship that already celebrates Mexico as part of an Atlantic world. Next, this work develops the study of economic history by comparing the ways that chinos shaped and connected different regions of colonial Mexico by employing Southeast Asian labor organization and technology. Thirdly, this dissertation refines studies of ethnicity by considering the ways that chinos, especially free laborers, represented themselves as members of a new corporate group in colonial Mexico, and appropriated the ethnic category of "indio," originally established for indigenous people in the Americas. They used these categories to claim resources from the colonial state, to form social networks, and to create bases for collective action. This work advances the field of early modern global and world history. It analyzes the Philippines and Pacific New Spain as arenas of cross-cultural interaction, labor, migration, and production in their own right, rather than as mere commercial intermediaries mediating between East Asia and the Americas. Finally, this work considers the ways that the long history of interactions between Island Southeast Asia and the rest of Asia shaped the mobility of chinos, while also situating their trans-Pacific interactions within the institutions of the global tributary empire of the Spanish Habsburgs.

This study explores the nature of culture contact experience of the early historical polities in the Philippines. The historical analysis and the result of the archaeological excavation at Lubang Island allows us to reexamine the entanglements of local populations against the colonial culture and how these entanglements have been perceived, mediated, and even transformed by the actions of native peoples in the past. The present study offers an alternative model for culture contact studies and how to generate questions about human behavior and interaction in the past by using critical analysis of ethnohistorical documents, archaeological data, and anthropological theory.Under the general model of culture contact study and colonialism, the archaeological study focuses on the documentation and analysis of a collection of artifacts and faunal remains excavated from a settlement-fortification site, believed to have been occupied and used from the early A.D. 1200s to the late A.D.1800s.In this dissertation, I use historical data to examine the historical trajectory of local polities on Lubang Island and situate them in a particular context where native people's interactions with other groups define their everyday actions as reflected in the archaeological record. I develop an alternative model using an agency-based approach that focuses on the relationships linking human actors and their behavior in the past. Such a model allows us to rethink the history of Lubang Island and its people according to how they acted and defined themselves. Moreover, the issues of complexity in small-scale polities in the Philipppines need to be teased out in order to elucidate the different levels and scales of complexity in the various historical contexts of early polities in Island Southeast Asia. Only then can we truly understand the variables involved in social reproduction and the ways in which early Filipinos lived and encountered cross-cultural interaction in the past.

The purpose of this study was to make a portrayal of the role played by Paul V. McNutt, a Hoosier politician and diplomat, in the birth of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.The research involved an in-depth study of the life and work of McNutt as the United States diplomat who was assigned to the Philippines upon three occasions: President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him as the United States High Commissioner to the island archipelago (1937-1939); President Harry S. Truman reappointed him to the same position (1945-1946); and after the Philippines received its independence on July 4, 1946, McNutt was appointed as the first United States Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines.This study has attempted to discuss the following points: (1) some pertinent biographical information of the Hoosier statesman, which included his family background, early education, and his early legal and teaching career. Such information has helped in studying the profile of the would-be Hoosier diplomat, (2) the conceptual and political aspects of the American rule of the Philippines, which underscored the significance of the avowed "Manifest Destiny" in American involvement in the Philippines, initially through armed confrontations and later through "benevolent assimilation" of the Filipinos, (3) Philippine economy prior to Commonwealth government, which became an important factor in considering the feasibility and desirability of giving Filipinos full independence, (4) McNutt's first term as United States High Commissioner to the Islands. At first this assignment was viewed as a forced exile for the Hoosier political upstart, who in 1940 sought the presidency of the United States, (5) the launching of the McNutt-for-President campaigns in late 1939, after he resigned his Philippine position. I t was believed that McNutt's political popularity was enhanced by his good performance in the Philippines, and (6) the return of McNutt as the United States High Commissioner after World War II, a war that devastated the Philippines. This raised the important issue of rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Philippines shortly before declaration of Philippine sovereignty on July 4, 1946. This gave birth to a new Oriental republic out of a country which had been under the control of the United States during the previous five decades. The American policy in the Philippines served as a precedent for other possessions in the Pacific held by European powers.The Hoosier diplomat occupied a unique place in the history of Philippine-American relations. His assignments came at the time when Filipino nationalists and American leaders were in need of greater understanding in 3 the performance of their respective roles. In early 1937,McNutt arrived to see the flowering of the Philippine Commonwealth. The move to give Commonwealth status to a dependent territory by the United States in 1935 served as a structural and definitive evidence of America's desire to give the Filipinos their independence following a ten-year transition period. This significant decade, which began in 1936 and ended in 1946, gave both the Filipinos and the Americans a breathing period. McNutt's significant service in the Philippines was rendered during this crucial period.The search for acceptable preparatory arrangements toward full independence was long and difficult. Many attempts were made to shear off glaring inequities and other extraneous provisions in the bilateral agreement toward eventual Filipino independence. McNutt was instrumental in bringing about acts by the United States Congress, which would insure that Filipinos would not merely enjoy political independence but also would obtain economic freedom.McNutt had taken pains to caution all parties concerned that the road to independence would not be altogether smooth and easy. He pointed out that unless the United States was willing to help, the prospects for stability of the Philippine Republic would remain blurred due to economic difficulties. According to McNutt, the economic dependence of a free and independent Philippines on the United States would render its political sovereignty devoid of its real significance. To him a politically liberated nation without any sound fiscal foundation andof political as well as economic collapse. He believed that Philippine natural resources and wealth must be tapped and committed to the full development of an independent nation. McNutt shared the feeling that development of unhampered capability of the Filipino people to govern themselves in a most effective manner must remain the prime concern of the mother country, the United States.

The evidence presented in this thesis supports the view that men and women participate in the labour force in qualitatively distinct ways and that, as a result, policies to increase female employment in the formal economy have an impact on economic development that is quite different from those whose aim is simply to increase employment with no regard to its gender composition. While it is well known that women's work is often underreported and undercounted, the thesis contends that women's "work" is also frequently defined incorrectly. From the point of view of development policy it is necessary to define women's work as embracing not only "productive" labour done for monetary gain, but also reproductive and volunteer work which, though not directly remunerated, have important feedbacks on other social, political and economic variables. Those feedbacks in turn may determine the success or failure of a particular "development" strategy. / This theory is applied to three "Asian miracle" developing countries, chosen because of their widely varied cultural, political and economic history and structures. The methodology employed is eclectic. Too often social research is bogged down in disputes between those who favour quantitative and those who favour historical-institutional analysis. In reality, especially when dealing with developing countries where there are serious problems of data quality, these two approaches can be mutually complementary. Therefore, in undertaking a comparative study of three cases, the thesis employs quantitative, historical-institutional and anthropological data along with information derived from interviews and field work. / The thesis demonstrates ample support for the hypothesis that women's labour has an importance over and above simply more hands at work, that the particular characteristics of female labour, not only produce direct payoffs in terms of development of certain types of manufacturing industries, but many indirect ones in terms of social variables like reduced fertility, increased life expectancy and greater educational attainment. However it also demonstrates that full actualization of these benefits in terms of economic prosperity, improved social welfare, and ultimately political democratization requires a state that is both willing and able (two distinct things) to implement social and economic policies designed explicitly to promote female employment in the formal economy.