Thèse--Université de Genève, 1973. / At head of title: Université de Genève, Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-154).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1981. / Typescript. Vita. Includes questionnaire used in interviews. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography :p. 414-430.

This thesis constructs a detailed anatomy of poverty in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines, by critically examining and comparing a) the government's official statistics, b) alternatives to the official statistics offered by NGOs and academic researchers, and c) the results of an original household survey carried out in PNR Bangkal, one of Manila's many informal settlements. The research seeks to develop a more appropriate, multidimensional and participatory concept of poverty for Manila than the purely money-metric approach applied by the government. The official methodology results in very low, falling, and seemingly unrealistic poverty levels for this Southeast Asian megacity with its attendant problems. According to official statistics, poverty dropped from 23% of families in 1985 to 7.1% in 1997. The thesis raises questions about the assumptions that inform these measures. For example, the official surveys do not include in their sample people without official and permanent residence. As they tend to reside in informal settlements, the poorest are thus almost certainly excluded. Highlighting the multidimensional nature of deprivation, the primary research in PNR Bangkal was based on a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to the study of poverty. Questionnaires were completed for 155 households, or one third of the population of the settlement. These were then followed by in-depth qualitative interviews with five respondents in order to enrich the survey data. The study included but went beyond income and expenditure analysis. The survey results were analysed using an asset vulnerability framework. Findings include an 'official' poverty incidence of 36% of families and a self-perceived poverty incidence of 79%. The survey also revealed high levels of deprivation and vulnerability related to labour, housing, human capital, and social capital.

No description available.

No description available.

This study focuses on communities in conservation in central Philippines, with reference to marine protected areas. It analyzes communities as intersections of multiple actors with stratified interests and power, involving complex processes of place-making, ecological knowledge, tenure, governance, markets, and negotiation with domestic and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs). As rights to places are fundamentally at issue with protected areas, matters of tenure are central for the study. And because marine protected areas (MPAs) are community-based, questions of local empowerment have equal centrality. / The ownership of rights to marine resources by village members is a necessary if not sufficient condition for the political empowerment of communities in conservation. The issue of property rights in the Philippines is irrevocably linked to issues of equity, as social actors confront prevailing unequal relations of power. The development of community commitment to the reconfigured arrangements of marine protected area establishment depends on substantial economic gains for marginalized villagers, an equitable distribution of those gain, the ecologically sound management of resources over which rights are negotiated and gains generated, and a socially meaningful realignment of relations of power among nested sources of authority. / My analysis points to the advantages of a reinforced community property regime that would call for measures by the national government to enhance villagers' tenure over their settlements and community waters (katubigang barangay). Such a regime is no panacea for the manifold social and environmental challenges faced by communities, but it would enable them to engage more confidently and constructively with state, NGO and other interests in conservation, and to address the real or perceived threats of dislocation by externally proposed schemes. / Two villages with MPAs in the province of Bohol in central Philippines serve as case study sites to explore intertwined social, economic and political variables that influence issues of conservation, equity and empowerment.

A crucial factor to enable low-income families to participate in the gradual development of their homes is to find a link between their building activities and those of the large-scale building sector. Amidst technological development and increasing demand for housing, the large-scale sector, such as government and private groups, resorted to industrialised housing to replace traditional and conventional building materials and methods. Industrialisation, however, resulted not only in expensive and inappropriate dwellings but also eliminated homeowners from the building process and management of their homes. To bring back the homeowners in the building process, the shift was towards the production of small components and partial prefabrication. / Following the same thrust, there have been numerous innovative building systems for housing developed in the Philippines in the last two decades. Private entrepreneurs develop these building systems either promoting locally invented systems or adapting imported versions. Seeing their potentials, government and private groups are trying to employ them in housing. Despite the growing number of the innovative building systems and the interest to use them, their integration in low-income housing is still limited. / Focusing on Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, the thesis aims to develop a selection model for the effective integration of innovative building systems in low-income housing. The process of integration is not simply using the building systems for mass production of houses but also enabling homeowners to utilise, maintain and sustain them. The proposed model involves sets of selection parameters essential at each stage of the housing delivery based on the homeowners' progressive building process and their criteria for choosing building materials for their homes. To facilitate progressive building and enhance the homeowners' initiative to build, the model also includes design strategies when employing new building systems and suggests the necessary channels to ensure the availability of the building systems, technical assistance and information.

The aim of this study was to examine how commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) was constructed as a social problem in the Philippines. More specifically its aim was to find out how seven respondents from four different organisations in the Philippines constructed CSEC as a social problem and how they looked upon different solutions of the issue. The study was based on qualitative semi-structured interviews made in Manila the capital city of the Philippines and a city four hours from Manila called Olongapo. The earlier research as well as the result and analysis were sorted by using the themes: character, causes, solutions and actors which are parts of an analysis scheme constructed by Jönsson (2010). The empirical material was explained by using analysis based on three different kinds of perspective of approaching a social problem as well as earlier research. The result shows that CSEC is constructed as a social problem in the country and there can be different explanations of the issue. It is for example explained as a human rights issue in the Philippines and the problem also exists on a global level. CSEC is described to be normalised in the country because of the need of an income. The problem is also explained to be a cause of the existing traditional values and the lack of implementation of the laws that should protect the children. The conclusion of the study is that depending on how CSEC is constructed as a social problem, its risk factors and who are the perpetrators will affect which solutions that are seen as suitable.

There are about 4000 new hip fracture patients in Taiwan each year, and osteoporosis is the number one cause for these fractures. But, there has been no research article related to osteoporosis preventive behavior among Hakim living in countryside in Taiwan. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to assess osteoporosis preventive behavior; to measure the relationship among factors influencing OPB; to measure a model of factors influencing OPB; and to predict the direct and indirect effects of personal and social factors on OPB among Hakka living in Taichung County in Taiwan. The development of a theoretical model of factors influencing osteoporosis preventive behavior was based on the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986, 1997, 2004) and the conceptual framework for addressing the social context of health behavior (Sorensen et al., 2003). According to the reviewed literature, the factors influencing osteoporosis preventive behavior include personal factors (age, educational level, self­ efficacy for calcium intake, self-efficacy for exercise, and knowledge of osteoporosis); and social factors (social support and social capital). The outcome variables are calcium intake and exercise. This was a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. Convenience and snowball sampling were used in this study. In all, 243 participants were recruited. Path analysis was used to assess and modify the theoretical model and to test all the paths between exogenous variables and endogenous variables. The goodness-of-fit indicators ofthe final model showed that X2 was 26.99 with 21 degrees of freedom; the P-value for this model was .17; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was .98; adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) was .95; normed fit index (NFI) was .96; non-normed fit index (NNFI) was .98; and comparative fit index (CFI) was .99. The results suggested that the final model fit the data well. The final model demonstrated that the personal factors and environmental factors directly and indirectly influenced osteoporosis preventive behavior. It may provide guidance for the design of future nursing interventions, research and education related to osteoporosis prevention.

This thesis consists of a contextual study and critical transcription of five Lamentation settings by the Spanish composer Manuel José Doyagüe (1755–1842), the sources for which were recently found in a unique bound collection of music manuscripts from the University of Santo Tomás, Manila, the Philippines. With the disappearance of most musical sources dating from the Spanish Colonial Period in the Philippines (1565-1898), due to the complete destruction of the walled city centre Intramuros in 1945, the rediscovery of this bound collection entitled “Partituras” is significant, as it indicates the type of repertoire that was possibly known and performed in nineteenth-century Intramuros. The largest group of works by any one composer is five Lamentation settings by Doyagüe, which take up almost a third of the volume. The scores for these works restore incomplete copies held in Spain, and attribute to Doyagüe two settings which were previously unknown. The introduction includes a discussion of the historical and cultural context and the circumstances of the re-discovery in the Philippines. Part I examines the history of the musical activity of the Dominican Order in the Philippines, and considers the possible means of transmission of the manuscripts from Spain to Manila. Part II examines the Lamentations genre and includes a biographical study of the composer Manuel José Doyagüe. Part III is made up of a source study of the manuscripts and a critical edition of the five works, while areas for future research are indicated in the conclusion.