This is an exploration of concepts and identities of Sami people in northern Sweden regarding conflicts on mining. The Sami have a history of feeling that others are encroaching on them and ignoring them and their wishes, the latest being the mining companies. There is also the issue of who gets to be considered as Sami and how the Sami identity is characterised. There are different positions among the Sami, some are enthusiastic and some are opposed. The view of the traditional land can be understood as a sacred connection with nature that is not understood by the majority society. Connecting with the land is vital as the link between the generations. Sweden has been ranked as one of the world’s most attractive places for mining investments in recent years and it is seen as one of today’s biggest challenges for the survival of the Sami culture. The majority society’s and the mining industry’s view on sustainability includes opening of mines, to be able to extract minerals to use in wind parks and electric cars where the Sami are seen as standing in the way. A discourse in Sweden is that all of the north is a vast space, with fewer and fewer inhabitants. With many who are moving to the bigger cities in the south, this is also seen as a way to create jobs for a hopeful future in the towns up north. The Sami faces a misunderstanding majority society where their history is not recognised and the strengthening of indigenous peoples’ rights in recent years have only lead to symbolic gestures for the Sami. This thesis has been made through spending time with these groups as well as trying to be a sensitive researcher who will contribute to the interest and understanding of those written about.

It is not uncommon to place universal human rights and Sharia against each other and assumethey are inherently different. However, this essay explores the alignment of Sharia anduniversal human rights, with a focus on Saudi Arabia and Iran which are governed by Sharia.A literature review is utilized when examining the theories and thoughts of scholars AbdullahiAhmed An-Na'im and Asma Barlas. These theories are then placed on the context of Sharia inSaudi Arabia and Iran, and the alignment and misalignment with universal human rights willbe examined.The theoretical framework of the essay is based on universalism and open universalism thathave worked as tools in understanding human rights as a universal foundation. The findingsindicate that the compatibility of Sharia with universal human rights standards is heavilydependent on how Sharia is interpreted. To better extract human rights out of Sharia, areinterpretation of Sharia is necessary. This reinterpretation would allow for the reevaluationof the Qur’anic scriptures that are consistent with the values and demands of the present age.This is not to say that Sharia needs to be bended and chipped away at to fit in with modernhuman rights standards, rather Sharia needs to be reinterpreted as the traditionalinterpretations are heavily influenced by the patriarchal social structures of the seventhcentury.

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