A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) é composta de uma mistura complexa e heterogênea de compostos orgânicos, sendo as substâncias húmicas (SH) a fração mais recalcitrante da MOS. As SH têm grande influência sobre as propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo, contribuindo como fonte de energia para microrganismos e também contribuindo com a disponibilidade de nutrientes. Além disso, as SH podem contribuir de forma expressiva para o desenvolvimento e produção das plantas cultivadas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade e diversidade da comunidade bacteriana do solo, a disponibilidade de nutrientes e a produtividade da cultura de trigo após aplicação de doses crescentes de SH. Dois experimentos foram montados e avaliados, sendo um ensaio de incubação com um solo arenoso e outro um experimento de casa de vegetação com plantas de trigo em dois solos tropicais distintos (textura arenosa e argilosa). Houve um estímulo à atividade microbiana em ambos os experimentos, sendo este estímulo transitório, o que provavelmente ocorreu devido a um efeito priming provocado pela adição de SH. No entanto não houve alteração na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana pela adição de SH, o que pode ser devido ao fato de ser um material recalcitrante e já presente no solo. Também houve aumento na disponibilidade de fósforo, potássio, cálcio e nitrogênio, bem como da CTC, tanto em solo arenoso quanto argiloso, expressando o efeito das SH na melhoria das propriedades químicas de solos tropicais. Além disso, um efeito significativo foi visto em parâmetros relacionados à produtividade do trigo. Houve aumento de massa seca de raízes e parte aérea, além de aumento no peso e número de grãos, o que pode se refletir em aumento considerável de produtividade. Esses resultados são importantes por mostrarem que mesmo a fração mais recalcitrante da MOS pode influenciar positivamente aspectos químicos e biológicos do solo, contribuindo com a melhoria do sistema de produção e também com maiores produtividades vegetais. / The soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of a complex and heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds, in which the humic substances (HS) are considered to be the most recalcitrant fraction. HS have great influence on chemical and biological soil properties, contributing as energy source for microorganisms and as nutrient reservoir for plants. Furthermore, HS can contribute significantly to the development and production of crop plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity and diversity of the soil bacterial community, nutrient availability and productivity of a wheat crop after application of increasing doses of HS. For this purpose, two experiments were performed and evaluated, one is an incubation essay with a sandy soil and the other a greenhouse experiment with wheat plants using two distinct tropical soils as substrates (sandy and clayey). Microbial activity was stimulated in both experiments, and this transient stimulus may have been due to a priming effect caused by the addition of HS. However, there was no change in the bacterial community structure which may be due to the fact that HS is a recalcitrant material and already present in the soil. Nevertheless, we found an increase in the availability of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and nitrogen, as well as in the CEC in both, sandy and clayey soils, showing that HS do improve chemical properties of tropical soils. Furthermore, we found a significant effect on wheat productivity related parameters. There was an increase of dry weight of roots and shoots, as well as increased weight and number of grains, which may be reflected in a significant increase in productivity. These results are important because they show that even the most recalcitrant SOM fraction can positively influence soil chemical and biological aspects, contributing to the improvement of the production system and also to higher plant productivity.

A field experiment was conducted at two locations in Utah, one at Erda in Tooele County and the other at Minersville in Beaver County. Each experiment was designed as a randomized block design with five treatments and four replication s for each treatment. The test crop was alfalfa. Three cuttings were taken from each location to estimate the yield. Soil samples from the first 12 inches and subsoil samples from 12-24 inches were taken to determine the available NaHCO3-P in the soils. Plant samples were taken to determine the P content of the crop. The results showed that with 5 ppm soil-test P, P content in crop was above the critical level. There was no increase in yield resulting from adding different levels of P to the soil. This conclusion suggests that the criteria used at the soil -testing laboratory at Utah Stat e University should be modified. The criteria used had heen based on samples from the first 6 inches of the soil and from previous investigations. The limit used for low P status for the soil s was 8 ppm.

A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) é composta de uma mistura complexa e heterogênea de compostos orgânicos, sendo as substâncias húmicas (SH) a fração mais recalcitrante da MOS. As SH têm grande influência sobre as propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo, contribuindo como fonte de energia para microrganismos e também contribuindo com a disponibilidade de nutrientes. Além disso, as SH podem contribuir de forma expressiva para o desenvolvimento e produção das plantas cultivadas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade e diversidade da comunidade bacteriana do solo, a disponibilidade de nutrientes e a produtividade da cultura de trigo após aplicação de doses crescentes de SH. Dois experimentos foram montados e avaliados, sendo um ensaio de incubação com um solo arenoso e outro um experimento de casa de vegetação com plantas de trigo em dois solos tropicais distintos (textura arenosa e argilosa). Houve um estímulo à atividade microbiana em ambos os experimentos, sendo este estímulo transitório, o que provavelmente ocorreu devido a um efeito priming provocado pela adição de SH. No entanto não houve alteração na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana pela adição de SH, o que pode ser devido ao fato de ser um material recalcitrante e já presente no solo. Também houve aumento na disponibilidade de fósforo, potássio, cálcio e nitrogênio, bem como da CTC, tanto em solo arenoso quanto argiloso, expressando o efeito das SH na melhoria das propriedades químicas de solos tropicais. Além disso, um efeito significativo foi visto em parâmetros relacionados à produtividade do trigo. Houve aumento de massa seca de raízes e parte aérea, além de aumento no peso e número de grãos, o que pode se refletir em aumento considerável de produtividade. Esses resultados são importantes por mostrarem que mesmo a fração mais recalcitrante da MOS pode influenciar positivamente aspectos químicos e biológicos do solo, contribuindo com a melhoria do sistema de produção e também com maiores produtividades vegetais. / The soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of a complex and heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds, in which the humic substances (HS) are considered to be the most recalcitrant fraction. HS have great influence on chemical and biological soil properties, contributing as energy source for microorganisms and as nutrient reservoir for plants. Furthermore, HS can contribute significantly to the development and production of crop plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity and diversity of the soil bacterial community, nutrient availability and productivity of a wheat crop after application of increasing doses of HS. For this purpose, two experiments were performed and evaluated, one is an incubation essay with a sandy soil and the other a greenhouse experiment with wheat plants using two distinct tropical soils as substrates (sandy and clayey). Microbial activity was stimulated in both experiments, and this transient stimulus may have been due to a priming effect caused by the addition of HS. However, there was no change in the bacterial community structure which may be due to the fact that HS is a recalcitrant material and already present in the soil. Nevertheless, we found an increase in the availability of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and nitrogen, as well as in the CEC in both, sandy and clayey soils, showing that HS do improve chemical properties of tropical soils. Furthermore, we found a significant effect on wheat productivity related parameters. There was an increase of dry weight of roots and shoots, as well as increased weight and number of grains, which may be reflected in a significant increase in productivity. These results are important because they show that even the most recalcitrant SOM fraction can positively influence soil chemical and biological aspects, contributing to the improvement of the production system and also to higher plant productivity.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21968号 / 農博第2358号 / 新制||農||1070(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5219(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 小杉 緑子, 教授 舟川 晋也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

O fósforo (P) é um elemento essencial para todas as formas de vida do nosso planeta e desempenha papel crucial na agricultura mundial. Porém, a sua escassez irá aumentar nas próximas décadas. A população mundial atingiu 7,3 bilhões de pessoas e está projetada para alcançar 9 bilhões até 2050. Para sustentar essa população crescente será necessário que a agricultura mundial triplique a produção de alimentos nos próximos 35 anos. A eficiência de utilização de P é definida como o aumento da quantidade de biomassa ou produto de interesse econômico (grãos, frutas, fibras ou etanol) produzido por unidade de P absorvido. O uso de plantas com alta eficiência de utilização de nutrientes pode representar o alicerce na construção de uma agricultura com alta produtividade, reduzido custo de produção e baixo impacto ambiental. A hipótese testada nesse trabalho foi de que existe variação genotípica entre as cultivares comerciais de arroz e feijão e que é possível identificar características nas plantas ligadas com maior eficiência de absorção e utilização de P. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar cultivares de arroz e feijão mais eficientes em absorver e utilizar P e características das plantas ligadas com a sua maior eficiência de utilização. Foi realizado um conjunto de experimentos de casa de vegetação e campo afim de verificar a variabilidade existente entre 16 e 19 cultivares de arroz e feijão, respectivamente, em alta e baixa disponibilidade de P no solo. As características anatômicas radiculares de um grupo de genótipos de feijão foram avaliadas através de experimentos realizados nos Estados Unidos. Os resultados mostraram que existe variação significativa entre as cultivares para a maioria das características analisadas. Foi observada substancial variação genotípica entre as cultivares de feijão para número de espirais de raízes basais (NERB) e número de raízes basais (NRB) (P <0.01). As cultivares de arroz com resultados similares de matéria seca da parte aérea no alto P variaram significativamente no baixo P. A eficiência de utilização do P pelas cultivares de arroz aumentou no baixo P. Os resultados das características radiculares anatômicas de feijão confirmaram que a estiolação da raiz basal melhora a capacidade das plantas de suportar o stress causado pela baixa disponibilidade de P no solo. A conclusão do trabalho foi de que realmente existe variação genética entre as cultivares de arroz e feijão para eficiência de absorção e utilização de P, e foi possível identificar materiais mais eficientes em absorver e utilizar P sob baixa disponibilidade de P no solo. / The phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all life forms on our planet and plays a crucial role in world agriculture. However, its scarcity will increase in next decades. The world population has reached 7.3 billions people and is projected for 9 billions by 2050. To support this growing population, global agriculture will have to triplicate food production in the next 35 years. The P utilization efficiency is defined as the increased amount of biomass or a product of economic interest (fruit, grains, fibers and ethanol) obtained per unit of absorbed P. The use of high nutrient efficient plants may represent the foundation in building agriculture with high productivity, reduced production costs and low environmental impact. The hypothesis tested in this study was that there is genetic variation among the commercial cultivars of rice and common beans and it is possible to identify plant traits linked with increased P uptake and utilization efficiency. The aim of this study was to identify more P efficient rice and beans cultivars and identify plant traits that may be linked with increased P use efficiency. We carried out a set of experiments (greenhouse and field) in order to check the genetic variability among 16 and 19 rice and bean cultivars, respectively, in high and low soil P availability. The root anatomical traits of a group of bean genotypes were evaluated through experiments conducted in the United States. The results from the experiments showed that there was significant variation among cultivars for most of evaluated traits. We observed substantial genotypic variation among the bean cultivar for basal root whorl number and basal root number. Rice cultivars were similar to shoot production in high P availability, however varied among them in low P availability. The rice and bean cultivars P use efficiency increased in low P. The results of bean anatomic root traits confirmed the hypothesis that basal root etiolation improves bean plants growth under P limiting conditions by increasing P acquisition. The genetic variation for P use efficiency among rice and bean cultivars was confirmed.

O fósforo (P) é um elemento essencial para todas as formas de vida do nosso planeta e desempenha papel crucial na agricultura mundial. Porém, a sua escassez irá aumentar nas próximas décadas. A população mundial atingiu 7,3 bilhões de pessoas e está projetada para alcançar 9 bilhões até 2050. Para sustentar essa população crescente será necessário que a agricultura mundial triplique a produção de alimentos nos próximos 35 anos. A eficiência de utilização de P é definida como o aumento da quantidade de biomassa ou produto de interesse econômico (grãos, frutas, fibras ou etanol) produzido por unidade de P absorvido. O uso de plantas com alta eficiência de utilização de nutrientes pode representar o alicerce na construção de uma agricultura com alta produtividade, reduzido custo de produção e baixo impacto ambiental. A hipótese testada nesse trabalho foi de que existe variação genotípica entre as cultivares comerciais de arroz e feijão e que é possível identificar características nas plantas ligadas com maior eficiência de absorção e utilização de P. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar cultivares de arroz e feijão mais eficientes em absorver e utilizar P e características das plantas ligadas com a sua maior eficiência de utilização. Foi realizado um conjunto de experimentos de casa de vegetação e campo afim de verificar a variabilidade existente entre 16 e 19 cultivares de arroz e feijão, respectivamente, em alta e baixa disponibilidade de P no solo. As características anatômicas radiculares de um grupo de genótipos de feijão foram avaliadas através de experimentos realizados nos Estados Unidos. Os resultados mostraram que existe variação significativa entre as cultivares para a maioria das características analisadas. Foi observada substancial variação genotípica entre as cultivares de feijão para número de espirais de raízes basais (NERB) e número de raízes basais (NRB) (P <0.01). As cultivares de arroz com resultados similares de matéria seca da parte aérea no alto P variaram significativamente no baixo P. A eficiência de utilização do P pelas cultivares de arroz aumentou no baixo P. Os resultados das características radiculares anatômicas de feijão confirmaram que a estiolação da raiz basal melhora a capacidade das plantas de suportar o stress causado pela baixa disponibilidade de P no solo. A conclusão do trabalho foi de que realmente existe variação genética entre as cultivares de arroz e feijão para eficiência de absorção e utilização de P, e foi possível identificar materiais mais eficientes em absorver e utilizar P sob baixa disponibilidade de P no solo. / The phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all life forms on our planet and plays a crucial role in world agriculture. However, its scarcity will increase in next decades. The world population has reached 7.3 billions people and is projected for 9 billions by 2050. To support this growing population, global agriculture will have to triplicate food production in the next 35 years. The P utilization efficiency is defined as the increased amount of biomass or a product of economic interest (fruit, grains, fibers and ethanol) obtained per unit of absorbed P. The use of high nutrient efficient plants may represent the foundation in building agriculture with high productivity, reduced production costs and low environmental impact. The hypothesis tested in this study was that there is genetic variation among the commercial cultivars of rice and common beans and it is possible to identify plant traits linked with increased P uptake and utilization efficiency. The aim of this study was to identify more P efficient rice and beans cultivars and identify plant traits that may be linked with increased P use efficiency. We carried out a set of experiments (greenhouse and field) in order to check the genetic variability among 16 and 19 rice and bean cultivars, respectively, in high and low soil P availability. The root anatomical traits of a group of bean genotypes were evaluated through experiments conducted in the United States. The results from the experiments showed that there was significant variation among cultivars for most of evaluated traits. We observed substantial genotypic variation among the bean cultivar for basal root whorl number and basal root number. Rice cultivars were similar to shoot production in high P availability, however varied among them in low P availability. The rice and bean cultivars P use efficiency increased in low P. The results of bean anatomic root traits confirmed the hypothesis that basal root etiolation improves bean plants growth under P limiting conditions by increasing P acquisition. The genetic variation for P use efficiency among rice and bean cultivars was confirmed.

Phosphorus is the main limiting nutrient for plant growth in large areas of the world and the availability of phosphorus to plants and microbes can be strongly affected by soil properties. Even though the phosphorus cycle has been studied extensively, much remains unknown about the key processes governing phosphorus availability in different environments. In this thesis the complex dynamics of soil phosphorus and its availability were studied by relating various phosphorus fractions and soil characteristics to microbial respiration kinetics. The soils used represent a range of aluminium, iron, carbon and total phosphorus content, and were located in four different biomes: subtropical forest, warm temperate forest, boreal forest and tundra. The results showed that NaOH extractable phosphorus, a fraction previously considered to be available to plants only over long time scales, can be accessed by microbes in days or weeks. Microbial phosphorus availability was not related to aluminium or iron content in any of the studied systems, not even in highly weathered soils with high aluminium and iron content. This is in contrast with other studies of soils with high sorption capacity and shows the variability of factors that govern phosphorus availability in different environments. In the boreal forest chronosequence, no difference could be seen with age in total phosphorus content or concentrations of occluded phosphorus forms. However, there were lower concentrations of labile phosphorus forms in older systems, which were correlated with a decrease in microbial respiration. This was most likely related to organic matter quality in the system, and not to geochemical factors. Phosphorus availability was linked to differences in topography (water regime) and vegetation in the tundra ecosystems. The results suggest that the availability of phosphorus, both for microbes and plants, was lower on the meadow vegetation sites compared to the two types of heath vegetation. Many factors are important for phosphorus availability in soils, but these results suggest that microbes can access less available phosphorus if not restricted by carbon, and this may be important in regard to forest management practices as well as effects of environmental change.

Biochar application as a soil additive is gaining global acceptance. In this era of climate change, biochar use for improved soil productivity is not just a sustainable eco-friendly substitute to synthetic fertilizer, but a noble contributor to the fight against climate change. Although biochar has been accredited with some environmental and agricultural benefits, most studies concentrated on agricultural and biowaste products as feedstocks. This research was designed to explore P-enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential as a soil additive. Using corn as a test crop, greenhouse studies were performed on acidic sandy soil, comparing phosphorus enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar efficacy to a commercial synthetic triple superphosphate fertilizer and a control treatment. Incubation studies were also performed to evaluate the liming and heavy metal immobilization efficacies. Firstly, P-enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar’s ability to release plant soluble P was investigated. At various P enrichment concentration, soil plant availability P from P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar treatments differed insignificantly from superphosphate fertilizer treatment. The direct correlations between both K and Mg recoveries with available soil P, suggested P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential to supply multiple plant nutrients. Secondly, the influence of P uptake on plant growth and P use efficiency was examined. The greater agronomic P use efficiency obtained in P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar (~32 kg kg-1) than the triple supper phosphate fertilizer (~17 kg kg-1) treatment confirmed P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential as a multiple nutrient released soil additive. Thirdly, biochar-supported phosphate (BP) effectively reduced Pb2+ mobility in simulated contaminated soil. Pb2+reacted with phosphate from Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 embedded in the biochar supported phosphate at pHPb10(PO4)6(OH)2. Finally, the amendment of acidic soils with modified P-enriched modified-biochar improved soil buffering capacity because of its enhanced ash contents, alkalinity, and surface functional groups. Spectroscopic methods were used to analyze biochar, soil, and plant materials extracts. Several other analytical methods including BET and thermogravimetric analyses were used to characterized biochar. These findings suggest that the use of phosphorus enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar in agricultural soil is a feasible relatively low-cost, effective, and environmentally sustainable soil management and P recycling strategy

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