In the ultracold regime, where the interactions between atoms become quantum mechanical in nature, we can investigate the fundamental properties of matter. A natural progression from the catalogue of pioneering experiments using ultracold atoms is to extend the size of our quantum system by producing ultracold molecules in prescribed low-energy internal states. Techniques for cold molecule production are split into two methods: direct and indirect cooling. While direct cooling methods have yet to realize ultracold temperatures, collisional relaxation in the molecules leads to low internal energy states. By contrast, indirect cooling — the association of molecules from pre-cooled atoms—has produced a range of molecules at ultracold temperatures; the challenge with this technique is to control the internal state. This thesis concentrates on a technique that is complementary to those already in existence: ultrafast photoassociation. Key to this technique is the formation of time non-stationary wavepackets in the excited-state in order to improve FranckCondon overlap of the excited state with deeply bound ground-state vibrational levels. A pump-probe experiment was designed and built to demonstrate the formation of bound excited-state dimers. In this work we show that the initial state from which the wavepacket originates is of critical importance to the evolution of excited-state population. We find that the internuclear separation of the wavepacket produced in a rubidium magneto-optical trap is too large to observe coherent oscillations in the excited state. The implications of this are discussed along with recommendations for future ultrafast photoassociation experiments. Consequently, a new ultracold atom apparatus was built utilizing magnetic and dipole-force trapping to increase the density of the atomic sample; this apparatus will enable future experiments combining the exciting fields of ultracold matter and ultrafast light.

<p dir="ltr">Complex physical systems provide a fertile ground for exploring various phenomena owing to the quantum nature inherent in their structure. Atoms and molecules not only serve as realistic systems for experimental investigation, but also exhibit a complexity stemming from their many-body interactions which is of significant theoretical interest. This thesis delves into the domain of ultracold collisions between different interacting species (where temperature T < 1mK), and introduces novel applications for probing such systems, particularly focusing on molecular formation via photoassociation. Molecular interactions, in comparison to their atomic counterparts, present heightened complexity. The interplay of electrostatic forces among electrons and nuclei intricately couples all degrees of freedom within a single molecule. Historically, the exploration of quantum dynamics between molecules was pioneered by Born and Oppenheimer. Their seminal work involved solving Schrödinger’s equation in two steps. First step is addressing a portion of the molecular Hamiltonian where the nuclei are clamped in space (adiabatic). This adiabatic solution yields effective potentials between nuclei, encapsulating the integrated influence of the surrounding electronic cloud. The second step is to solve for the nuclear degrees of freedom in the vicinity of the effective potentials. The validity of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation stems from the substantial mass disparity between electrons and nuclei, enabling a quasi-separation of the electronic and nuclear Hamiltonians. The first order Born-Oppenheimer approximation assumes a partial separation of the molecular wave function Ψmolecule ≈ ΞvibrationYrotationalΦelectronic.</p><p dir="ltr"> A comprehensive treatment is provided for systems with numerous degrees of freedom, elucidating how the Born-Oppenheimer approximation manifests when applied to molecules. This chapter also encapsulates the principal findings from collision theory and photoassociation spectroscopy, as well as foundational techniques underpinning this thesis. Spectroscopic investigations encompass four relevant transition types: boundbound (Rabi oscillations), bound-free (photoionization), free-free (elastic scattering), and free-bound (photoassociation) transitions. Photoassociation (PA) spectroscopy probes laserinduced processes where the reactants interact through a channel |i〉, and can absorb one or more photons causing a transition to a bound state in an excited channel |f〉. The excited complex usually decays with a high probability to the ground state of the formed molecule. The same process can be utilized experimentally to prepare a cold molecule in its vibrational ground state . Diatomic PA has been of great theoretical and experimental interest in recent years. Herein, we present a theoretical inquiry into photoassociation within triatomic systems, with a particular focus on alkali atom-dimer systems, and introduce a method for calculating PA rates.</p><p dir="ltr">Moreover, this thesis presents different methods for shielding polar molecules from their short-range interactions where inelastic collisions and chemical reactions can occur with high probability. Shielding polar molecules has been shown to suppress inelastic collisions substantially between two molecules. A technique to shield two polar molecules in their ground state is studied and applied to model collisions in a gas of ground state (NaCs) molecules at temperatures T ≈ 100nK. The results show a region of interactions between two polar molecules that has an extremely long-range nature and is well isolated from the short-range losses, allowing for long-range spectroscopic studies. A new long-range regime of molecular physics arises in the study of shielded molecules where long-range vibrational tetramer states form. Different tetramer formation pathways are studied within a range of different shielding parameters. In fact, microwave shielding provides a region to study collisions between polar molecules, and controls their dynamics without worrying about shortrange losses. It has also been applied in the observation of a Bose gas of polar molecules.</p>

Beaucoup d’expériences et d’applications utilisant des molécules froides nécessitent d’avoir un échantillon de molécules froides à la fois en translation, en vibration et en rotation. Cette thèse se situe dans la même thématique, elle a pour objectif la généralisation de la méthode du pompage optique qui a permis de refroidir la vibration des molécules de Césium par un laser large bande dont les fréquences correspondantes aux transitions partant du niveau vibrationnel fondamental ont été supprimées. Nous avons, par exemple, réalisé un transfert de la population moléculaire dans un niveau vibrationnel pré-sélectionné. Nous avons ensuite démontré que le refroidissement vibrationnel est aussi efficace avec une source de lumière non cohérente. Enfin, une technique de conversion électronique a été démontrée et qui a permis de transférer les molécules formées dans l’état électronique métastable a3Σu+ vers l’état électronique fondamental X1Σg+. Finalement, l’application de cette méthode sur la rotation a été étudié, les résultats préliminaires montrent que le processus marche efficacement ce qui ouvre des perspectives sur le refroidissement lasers des molécules. / Many experiments and applications using cold molecules need to have a sample of molecules cold in all degrees of freedom. My activity in the cold molecule experiment considered several extensions and generalizations of the vibrational cooling technique using a shaped broadband laser. The first extension realized was the transfer of the molecular population to any pre-selected vibrational level. Another extension was the realization of vibrational cooling and molecular population transfer with the use of a broadband, non-coherent, diode light source, instead of a femtosecond laser. Finally, we demonstrate an efficient technique which allows us to convert molecules initially formed in the triplet state (a3Σu+) into the ground electronic state (X1Σg+). The generalization of the vibrational cooling technique to include rotation has also been studied. Preliminary experiments considered for rotational cooling as well as more detail theoretical treatment has been performed. This open the way for more general laser technique apply to molecules.

Ce travail concerne les mécanismes de formation, de destruction et de relaxation interne des ions moléculaires formes au cours de collisions inélastiques ultra-froides. Ces collisions sont étudiées expérimentalement dans des pièges hybrides mêlant un piège d'atomes ultra-froids et un piège d’ions refroidis par laser. Nous avons effectué une analyse théorique systématique des collisions binaires, assistées par la lumière, impliquant plusieurs sortes de paires atome/ion. Leur interaction mutuelle est décrite par des calculs de chimie quantique basés sur l'utilisation de potentiels de cœur effectifs très précis. La formation d’ions moléculaires par 'association radiative est prédite efficace pour tous les systèmes étudiés, avec une section efficace deux à dix fois plus grande que le processus concurrent, le transfert de charge radiatif. Les constantes de vitesse partielles et totales sont aussi calculées et comparées aux valeurs expérimentales disponibles. Des résonances de forme sont attendues avec une largeur très faible, et pourraient être observées avec la meilleure résolution expérimentale atteinte aujourd'hui. Les distributions vibrationnelles ont aussi été calculées. Elles montrent que les ions moléculaires formés ne sont pas créés dans leur état vibrationnel fondamental. Nous avons ensuite montré que ces ions moléculaires pouvaient être photodissociés par les lasers utilisés dans l’expérience pour le refroidissement et le piégeage. Par ailleurs nous avons étudié la relaxation vibrationnelle des ions formés. Dans les échelles de temps des différentes expériences, nous avons montré que celle-ci ne résulte pas d'une relaxation radiative associée au moment dipolaire permanent de l'ion, mais plutôt à des collisions avec les atomes ultra-froids environnants. Nous avons ainsi étudié cette relaxation interne pour les ions H₂⁺ (resp. Rb₂⁺) lors d'une collision avec des atomes ultra-froids de He (resp. Rb). Ces deux cas sont importants pour des expériences en cours. Nous avons décrit le calcul du potentiel d'interaction nécessaire pour l'obtention de la matrice de couplage qui intervient dans la résolution deséquations couplées multi-voies. En particulier il a été montré, dans le cas He-H₂⁺, que les interactions spin-rotation, du fait de la structure doublet de l'ion, n'ont qu'une faible influence sur la somme des sections efficaces d'état à état (avec ou sans effet vibrationnel). Ces calculs peuvent être donc simplifiés en traitant l'ion à un électron actif comme étant dans un état de spin nul. Dans le cas Rb-Rb₂⁺, l'étude de la relaxation vibrationnelle de l'ion Rb₂⁺ suite à des collisions froides avec des atomes de Rb se heurte à des difficultés supplémentaires: (i) l'échange des atomes identiques conduisant à des collisions réactives qui induisent des pertes dans le piège. (ii) la forte densité d'états internes due à la lourde masse du système. (iii) les interactions inter-voies encore présentes à très longues distances du fait cette forte densité. Néanmoins, nos calculs montrent que la forte anisotropie observée dans les surfaces d'énergie potentielle conduit à la relaxation efficace de l'ion Rb₂⁺ par collision avec des atomes de Rb. Cette tendance pourrait être très générale pour les ions moléculaires triatomiques présentant une forte anisotropie à courte distances et qui sont couramment utilisés dans les pièges hybrides. / The work sheds light on the mechanisms, and their efficiency, for (i) formation, (ii) destruction and (iii) internal cooling of cold molecular ions by inelastic ultracold collisions, such as those studied in hybrid setups merging an ultracold atom trap and a laser-cooled ion trap. We have carried out a systematic and consistent analysis of light assisted binary collisions of many relevant atom/ion pairs using accurate effective core potential based quantum chemistry calculations. Radiative association is predicted to occur for all systems with a cross section two to ten times larger than the competitive channel of radiative charge transfer. Partial and total rate constants are also calculated and compared to available experiments. Narrow shape resonances are expected, which could be detectable at low temperature with an experimental resolution at the limit of the present standards. Vibrational distributions are also calculated, showing that the final molecular ions are not created in their internal ground state level. Once light-assisted formation of molecular ions is probed, we have checked their effective radiative lifetime due to the presence of several lasers in the experiments, which turns out to efficiently photodissociate the created ions. Moreover, besides an extremely slow internal relaxation due to the presence of a permanent electric dipole moment, at reasonably time scales, we have found evidences for the population of molecular levels being strongly influenced by collisions with surrounding ultracold atoms. We have further investigated the internal cooling of both H₂⁺ and Rb₂⁺ (with the respective isotopologues) in collisions with ultracold He and Rb atoms, respectively, due to their relevance for experimental implementations. We have described the calculation of the interaction potentials needed to obtain the coupling potential matrix elements used in a multichannel close coupling formalism. In particular, it is shown that the sum of the He-H₂⁺ state-to-state cross sections (with and without vibrational effects) accounting for the coupling between electronic spin and molecular rotation is dynamically equivalent to directly treating the collision problem of a molecular ion as a structureless spherical rotor interacting with the He atom. The additional difficulties of a close-coupling treatment for an effective internal cooling of sympathetically cold Rb₂⁺ ions in collisions with Rb atoms are discussed along the following lines: (i) the homonuclear nature of the problem, inducing trap losses from reactive collisions; (ii) the higher density of internal states due to the heaviness of the system; and, (iii) its long-range neutral-charged interaction. Nevertheless, strong evidence of an efficient internal cooling by inelastic collisions with Rb atoms is found, and may indicate a general trend for all similar heavy species currently found in hybrid trap experiments.

Cette thèse traite de la manipulation des deux degrés de libertés internes des molécules, que sont la rotation et la vibration. Il s'agit de transférer par un mécanisme de pompage optique les molécules formées dans plusieurs niveaux vibrationnels et rotationnels vers le niveau rovibrationnel absolu (J = v = 0). La démonstration expérimentale est effectuée sur des molécules froides de césium formées par photoassociation d'atomes froids. Le pompage optique est de plus démontré vers d'autres niveaux rotationnels du niveau vibrationnel fondamental. Le niveau cible est rendu noir par façonnage du spectre laser, c'est-à-dire que les molécules qui l'occupent ne peuvent plus absorber de photons du fait que le laser ne fournit pas les fréquences résonnantes nécessaires. Dans le cas du césium, la faible séparation en énergie entre les niveaux rotationnels nécessite une source spectralement fine. En effet, un laser large bande est dédié au refroidissement de la vibration et un second laser, plus fin spectralement, est utilisé pour le refroidissement de la rotation. La méthode démontrée est très générale. Des simulations, en très bon accord avec l'expérience, montrent qu'elle peut être appliquée à d'autres molécules. Une application à des jets moléculaires est aussi discutée. Elle pourrait permettre d'ouvrir la voie à un refroidissement laser et une collimation de jet avec d'éventuelles applications de lithographie. / The focus of this thesis is the manipulation of the internal degrees of freedom of translationally cold cesium molecules produced by photoassociation of cold atoms. Molecules formed in several vibrational and rotational levels are transferred by an optical pumping mechanism in the absolute rovibronic ground level (v = J = 0) or, alternatively, into other selected rotational levels of the electronic ground state. The main idea of the process is to make the target level not accessible ("dark") to the optical excitation. The suppression of the optical frequencies necessary to make a chosen state dark is obtained by spectral shaping of the excitation laser used for the optical pumping. Molecules present in this state cannot absorb photons because the laser does not provide the necessary resonant frequencies. While a broadband laser is dedicated to cool the vibrational degrees of freedom, a second narrowband laser is used to cool the rotational one because the small rotational splitting of Cs2 levels requires a narrowband source. This method is very general indeed. Simulations, for the cesium case are in very good agreement with the experiment, show that it can be applied to many other molecules. Furthermore, it could pave the way to the optical manipulation of molecular beams, to direct laser cooling of molecules and beam collimation with possible lithography applications.

Nous étudions la photoassociation dans un gaz d'hélium métastable 4He(23S1) ultrafroid piégé magnétiquement : des paires d'atomes en collision interagissent avec un ou deux champs laser pour former des molécules à purement longue portée 4He2(23S1-23P0), ou longue portée 4He2(23S1-23S1).<br />Des décalages lumineux dans la spectroscopie à un photon sont observés, et étudiés en fonction de l'intensité et la polarisation du laser de photoassociation, ainsi que l'état vibrationnel de la molécule photoassociée. Ils sont le résultat du couplage lumineux entre la molécule excitée et le continuum d'états de diffusion et les états liés de l'interaction entre deux atomes métastables. Leur analyse quantitative permet de déterminer la longueur de diffusion a=7.2 ± 0.6 nm caractéristique des collisions entre atomes métastables polarisés.<br />La photoassociation à deux photons est utilisée pour mettre en évidence des molécules 4He2(23S1-23S1) polarisées et de forte élongation. Celles-ci sont qualifiées d'exotiques, puisqu'elles sont constituées de deux atomes métastables, portant chacun une énergie interne de 20 eV suffisante pour ioniser l'autre. Les formes de raies obtenues par cette spectroscopie sont calculées et décomposées en sommes et produits en profils de Breit-Wigner et de Fano associés à des processus à un et deux photons. Leur ajustement aux données expérimentales permet de déterminer la durée de vie intrinsèque de la molécule tau=1.4±0.3 ms. Nous tentons d'interpréter cette durée de vie en terme d'autoionisation Penning induite par relaxation de spin. Nous montrons que cette hypothèse implique qu'il y ait un état quasi-lié proche de dissociation dans le potentiel d'interaction singulet entre atomes métastables pour rendre compte des expériences.

We have developed a technique to produce, manipulate and trap Rb2 molecules with a single optical beam. This beam is generated by a high-power fiber amplifier (50 W of total output power) in the 1060 to 1070 nm range, which is seeded by two light sources: a sharp-band laser and a broadband superluminescent diode. The laser source is tuned to produce Rb2 molecules from an ultracold 85Rb sample via photoassociation. The broadband spectrum vibrationally cool the molecules by optical pumping. This source is spectrally shaped in order to populate the molecules at the fundamental vibrational state &nu; = 0. The molecular sample is probed by two-photon ionization, promoted by a pulsed dye laser in the 475 to 480 nm range. By scanning the photoassociation laser frequency, we have obtained a photoassociation spectrum of the &nu;\' = 138 state of the 0+u potential, confirming previous observations. We have also obtained two vibrational spectra of the molecules by varying the ionization laser frequency, in the presence and absence of the broadband source. The comparison between the two spectra, along with ab-initio data, provides evidences that the molecules are optically pumped to the fundamental vibrational state. / Desenvolvemos uma técnica para produzir, manipular e aprisional moléculas de Rb2 com um único feixe óptico. Esse feixe é gerado por um amplificador de alta potência (50 W de potência total de saída) na faixa de 1060 a 1070 nm, que é alimentado por duas fontes de luz: um laser banda estreita e um diodo superluminescente banda larga. O laser é sintonizado para produzir moléculas de Rb2 a partir de uma amostra ultrafria de 85Rb via fotoassociação. O espectro banda larga resfria vibracionalmente as moléculas, por bombeamento óptico. Essa fonte de luz tem seu espectro formatado de modo a deixar as moléculas em seu estado vibracional fundamental &nu; = 0. A amostra molecular é testada por ionização de dois fótons, promovida por um laser de diodo pulsado na faixa de 475 a 480 nm. Variando a frequência do laser de fotoassociação, obtivemos um espectro de fotoassociação do estado &nu;\' = 138 do potencial 0+u, confirmando observações anteriores. Obtivemos também dois espectros vibracionais das moléculas variando a frequência do laser de ionização, com e sem a fonte banda larga. Uma comparação entre os dois espectros, junto de dados ab-initio, fornece evidências de que as moléculas são opticamente bombeadas para o estado vibracional fundamental.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma montagem experimental capaz de aprisionar átomos de K e Rb simultaneamente em uma armadilha óptica de dipolo cruzada. Contudo, para atingir este feito foi necessário, durante o desenvolvimento do projeto, estudar cada espécie atômica de forma isolada. Assim, desenvolvemos uma técnica inédita para carregar uma armadilha de dipolo diretamente de uma armadilha magneto-óptica de 39K, constatando a importância da estrutura hiperfina do estado 4P3/2 no processo de carregamento. Também observamos e explicamos o processo de fotoassociação de Rb devido ao laser em 1071 nm, inclusive a diferença isotópica entre 85Rb e 87Rb. Na sequência, realizamos o carregamento duplo com K e Rb na armadilha e observamos a fotoassociação de KRb. Um modelo teórico simples prevê a distribuição dos níveis vibracionais obtidos. O mesmo modelo abre caminho para um possível bombeamento óptico para a produção e acúmulo de moléculas de KRb no estado X1&Sigma;+ (v = 0). / In this paper, we present an experimental setup to simultaneously trap atoms of K and Rb in a crossed optical dipole trap. This accomplishment required the individual study of each atomic species during the project development. This allowed the development of a new technique for loading a dipole trap directly from a magneto-optical trap of 39K, providing evidence of the importance of the hyperfine structure of the state 4P3/2 in the loading process. We also observe and explain the photoassociation process of Rb2 due to the dipole trap laser at 1071 nm, including an isotopic difference between 85Rb and 87Rb. In the sequence, we performed dual species loading of K and Rb and observed the photoassociation process of KRb. A simple theoretical model predicts the final distribution of vibrational levels obtained. The same model provides a potential path to optically pump the molecules and accumulate them in the molecular ground state X1&Sigma;+ (v = 0) for KRb.

Les dimères d'alcalins ont été largement étudié ces dernières années par les techniques de spectroscopie et par la photoassociation d'atomes froids. <br />L'un des objectifs de ce travail consiste en l'obtention de données moléculaires adaptées à l'interprétation de processus collisionnels. Nous avons entrepris une étude systématique des ions moléculaires alcalins, en nous attachant à évaluer la précision des résultats en fonction des hypothèses retenues. Nous avons comparé nos résultats obtenus avec une méthode de pseudopotentiel, pour les ions lourds Rb2+, Cs2+ et RbCs+ à ceux obtenus avec une méthode de potentiel modèle.<br />Les taux de photoassociation de paires d'atomes mixtes d'alcalins et les taux de formation de molécules froides des dimères dans leur état fondamental ont été calculés avec une approche perturbative où les fonctions d'onde sont exactement déterminées. Ces taux ont la même grandeur pour tous les dimères contenant les atomes Rb et Cs. <br />Les taux de formation de molécules froides sont similaires à ceux mesurés et calculés pour les molécules de Cs2. Nous avons étudié le cas spécifique de la photoassociation dans deux états excités couplés par une interaction spin-orbite mettant en relief le rôle du couplage résonnant dans la formation de molécules froides stables dans des niveaux peu excités.

Submitted by Murilo Deliberali Forlevesi null (forlevesi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T23:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado.pdf: 5097523 bytes, checksum: 3d85c58a65e1e0f4ff951cafa69bb7e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-03T16:12:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 forlevesi_md_me_rcla.pdf: 5097523 bytes, checksum: 3d85c58a65e1e0f4ff951cafa69bb7e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T16:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 forlevesi_md_me_rcla.pdf: 5097523 bytes, checksum: 3d85c58a65e1e0f4ff951cafa69bb7e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a dinâmica e o controle da fotodissociação de uma molécula diatômica submetida a um potencial rugoso, o qual é aplicado em diversas áreas da ciência para modelar processos naturais, através da introdução de uma perturbação dependente do tempo e de um termo dissipativo. O estudo faz uma análise inicial das alterações que ocorrem na dinâmica de uma molécula submetida ao potencial de Morse rugoso, em seguida o sistema é perturbado através da introdução de um campo elétrico, é mostrado um estudo no potencial sem a rugosidade que consiste na criação de um mecanismo para gerar trajetórias estáveis em regiões de transição de energia, faz-se uma aplicação deste resultado visando o controle do processo de fotoassociação. Para o potencial de Morse rugoso forçado estuda-se a dinâmica do sistema, a qual revela o aparecimento de novas regiões de estabilidade na vizinhança do mínimo de potencial, a probabilidade de fotodissociação molecular para este sistema é analisada com ênfase no controle dos parâmetros (constantes do termo rugoso) . Por fim introduz-se a dissipação e é feito um estudo da convergência das diversas condições iniciais para regiões específicas do espaço de fase o que mostra que a rugosidade pode ser utilizada como um mecanismo de atração de trajetórias. / The objective of this work is to study the dynamics and the control of the photodiscitation of a molecule submitted to a rough potential, which has been shown to be applied in diverse areas of science to model natural processes, through the introduction of a time and time dependent perturbation Dissipative. The study makes an initial analysis of the changes that occur in the dynamics of a molecule subjected to the rough Morse potential, then the system is disturbed by the introduction of an electric field, a study is shown in the potential without the roughness consisting in the creation of A mechanism to generate stable trajectories in regions of energy transition is made an application of this result aiming the control of the photoassociation process. For the forced roughness morse potential, we study the dynamics of the system, which reveals the appearance of new stability regions in the vicinity of the minimum potential, the probability of molecular photodissociation for this system is analyzed with emphasis on the control of the parameters Of the rough term). Finally the dissipation is introduced and an analysis is made of the convergence of the various initial conditions for specific regions of the phase space which shows that the roughness can be used with a trajectory attraction mechanism.