Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102 -106). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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A técnica de Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz (do inglês Dynamic Light Scattering, ou DLS), também conhecida por técnica de Espectroscopia por Correlação de Fótons (do inglês Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, ou PCS), é amplamente utilizada na caraterização estrutural de sistemas coloidais, fornecendo informações importantes sobre tamanhos ca- ractersticos, tempos de correlação e efeitos de polarização no sistema. A facilidade de execução dos experimentos e praticidade das análises é uma das principais vantagens desta técnica. Especificamente para sistemas diludos compostos por partculas em solução, ela pode fornecer informações diretas sobre o raio hidrodinâmico das partculas do meio. No entanto, a obtenção desse parâmetro requer a utilização de métodos de ajuste e análise dos dados experimentais que assumem diversas caractersticas do sistema e possuem li- mitações intrnsecas devido à própria resolução do método frente presença de partculas de variados tamanhos e concentrações, polidispersões contnuas de tamanho, entre vários outros fatores. Existem casos, por exemplo, onde o mesmo conjunto experimental pode ser descrito por dois modelos diferentes. Neste projeto, é proposto um estudo sistemático das limitações dos métodos de análise frente a dados simulados e experimentais, de modo a permitir a aplicabilidade destes métodos a vários tipos de sistemas. Serão investigados casos de sistemas monodispersos e polidispersos, monomodais e multimodais, através da geração de dados simulados que mimetizem a presença desses grupos de partculas, em di- ferentes proporções e polidispersões. Como resultado, teremos indicações da precisão com que estes métodos de modelagem conseguem reproduzir os valores inseridos na simulação. Além disso, experimentos reais serão realizados utilizando amostras padrão de modo a aplicar os métodos de análise a estes dados bem como contrapor os resultados obtidos pelas simulações e pelos dados experimentais. / The Dynamic Light Scattering technique, also known as Photon Correlation Spectros- copy, is widely used for the structural characterization for colloidal systems, providing important information on characteristic length scales, correlation times and polarization effects. The relative simple experimental setup and easy-to-use modeling methods are one of the main advantages of this technique. Specifically for diluted systems of particles in solution, one can obtain direct information on the hydrodynamic for the particles in the system. However, in order to retrieve this parameter it is necessary to use modeling and analysis methods for the experimental methods which assumes intrinsic characteristics on the system and have intrinsic limitations due to the resolution of the method when particles with several sizes, concentrations, etc. In several cases, the same experimental data can be described by several different models. In this project it is proposed a systematic study on the limitations on the analysis methods upon simulated and experimental data in order to investigate the applicability of these methods for several system types. Monodisperse and polydisperse systems are investigated, either composed by one type of particles (monomo- dal) or several types of particles (multimodal). As a result, one can obtain indications on the accuracy that the modeling methods can reproduce the simulated parameters. Finally, real experiments were performed using standard samples in order to test the modeling methods and to calibrate the simulation procedures.

A técnica de Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz (do inglês Dynamic Light Scattering, ou DLS), também conhecida por técnica de Espectroscopia por Correlação de Fótons (do inglês Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, ou PCS), é amplamente utilizada na caraterização estrutural de sistemas coloidais, fornecendo informações importantes sobre tamanhos ca- ractersticos, tempos de correlação e efeitos de polarização no sistema. A facilidade de execução dos experimentos e praticidade das análises é uma das principais vantagens desta técnica. Especificamente para sistemas diludos compostos por partculas em solução, ela pode fornecer informações diretas sobre o raio hidrodinâmico das partculas do meio. No entanto, a obtenção desse parâmetro requer a utilização de métodos de ajuste e análise dos dados experimentais que assumem diversas caractersticas do sistema e possuem li- mitações intrnsecas devido à própria resolução do método frente presença de partculas de variados tamanhos e concentrações, polidispersões contnuas de tamanho, entre vários outros fatores. Existem casos, por exemplo, onde o mesmo conjunto experimental pode ser descrito por dois modelos diferentes. Neste projeto, é proposto um estudo sistemático das limitações dos métodos de análise frente a dados simulados e experimentais, de modo a permitir a aplicabilidade destes métodos a vários tipos de sistemas. Serão investigados casos de sistemas monodispersos e polidispersos, monomodais e multimodais, através da geração de dados simulados que mimetizem a presença desses grupos de partculas, em di- ferentes proporções e polidispersões. Como resultado, teremos indicações da precisão com que estes métodos de modelagem conseguem reproduzir os valores inseridos na simulação. Além disso, experimentos reais serão realizados utilizando amostras padrão de modo a aplicar os métodos de análise a estes dados bem como contrapor os resultados obtidos pelas simulações e pelos dados experimentais. / The Dynamic Light Scattering technique, also known as Photon Correlation Spectros- copy, is widely used for the structural characterization for colloidal systems, providing important information on characteristic length scales, correlation times and polarization effects. The relative simple experimental setup and easy-to-use modeling methods are one of the main advantages of this technique. Specifically for diluted systems of particles in solution, one can obtain direct information on the hydrodynamic for the particles in the system. However, in order to retrieve this parameter it is necessary to use modeling and analysis methods for the experimental methods which assumes intrinsic characteristics on the system and have intrinsic limitations due to the resolution of the method when particles with several sizes, concentrations, etc. In several cases, the same experimental data can be described by several different models. In this project it is proposed a systematic study on the limitations on the analysis methods upon simulated and experimental data in order to investigate the applicability of these methods for several system types. Monodisperse and polydisperse systems are investigated, either composed by one type of particles (monomo- dal) or several types of particles (multimodal). As a result, one can obtain indications on the accuracy that the modeling methods can reproduce the simulated parameters. Finally, real experiments were performed using standard samples in order to test the modeling methods and to calibrate the simulation procedures.

Das Wasser der Elbe auf der Höhe von Dresden enthält anorganische Kolloidpartikel, deren Partikelgrößenverteilung nahezu den gesamten kolloidalen Definitionsbereich (1 nm bis 1 µm) überstreicht und die vor allem aus sekundär ausgeschiedener amorpher Kieselsäure sowie aus Oxyhydroxiden des Fe, Al und Mn bestehen. Als wichtigstes Schwermetall führen sie Zn. Ihre Konzentration liegt unter 5×10-1 mg/l, um etwa Faktor 30 unter der Konzentration der Schwebstoffe des Elbwassers (Partikel >1 µm). Wegen ihrer hohen spezifischen Oberfläche sind die Kolloidpartikel als potentielle Träger für Schadstoffe trotz dieser geringeren Massekonzentration nicht gegenüber den Schwebstoffen zu vernachlässigen. Die in der Elbe gemessene Partikelgrößenverteilung ähnelt derjenigen, die zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt im Rhein gefunden worden war. Auch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Kolloidpartikel in der Elbe ist der der Partikel des Rheins ähnlich. Die Konzentration der Kolloidpartikel in der Elbe war aber um Faktor 5 bis 10 höher als im Rhein. Grund für letzteres ist wahrscheinlich der höhere Gehalt des Elbwassers an gelöstem Kohlenstoff (DOC). Im "Bulk" eines Flusses sind kolloidgetragene Schadstoffe - anders als schwebstoffgetragene - vermutlich fast genauso mobil wie echt gelöste. Unterschiede zwischen den Transportgeschwindigkeiten der kolloidgetragenen und der echt gelösten Spurenstoffe treten in bestimmten Situationen auf, in denen das Wasser den "Bulk" eines Flusses verlässt (Sickerbereich unter dem Fluss, Ästuar). Es werden Schlussfolgerungen über die Rolle von Kolloidpartikeln im Ökosystem eines Flusses gezogen und noch bestehende Forschungsdesiderate benannt.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Physics, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], v, 296 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 393-396).

Das Wasser der Elbe auf der Höhe von Dresden enthält anorganische Kolloidpartikel, deren Partikelgrößenverteilung nahezu den gesamten kolloidalen Definitionsbereich (1 nm bis 1 µm) überstreicht und die vor allem aus sekundär ausgeschiedener amorpher Kieselsäure sowie aus Oxyhydroxiden des Fe, Al und Mn bestehen. Als wichtigstes Schwermetall führen sie Zn. Ihre Konzentration liegt unter 5×10-1 mg/l, um etwa Faktor 30 unter der Konzentration der Schwebstoffe des Elbwassers (Partikel >1 µm). Wegen ihrer hohen spezifischen Oberfläche sind die Kolloidpartikel als potentielle Träger für Schadstoffe trotz dieser geringeren Massekonzentration nicht gegenüber den Schwebstoffen zu vernachlässigen. Die in der Elbe gemessene Partikelgrößenverteilung ähnelt derjenigen, die zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt im Rhein gefunden worden war. Auch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Kolloidpartikel in der Elbe ist der der Partikel des Rheins ähnlich. Die Konzentration der Kolloidpartikel in der Elbe war aber um Faktor 5 bis 10 höher als im Rhein. Grund für letzteres ist wahrscheinlich der höhere Gehalt des Elbwassers an gelöstem Kohlenstoff (DOC). Im "Bulk" eines Flusses sind kolloidgetragene Schadstoffe - anders als schwebstoffgetragene - vermutlich fast genauso mobil wie echt gelöste. Unterschiede zwischen den Transportgeschwindigkeiten der kolloidgetragenen und der echt gelösten Spurenstoffe treten in bestimmten Situationen auf, in denen das Wasser den "Bulk" eines Flusses verlässt (Sickerbereich unter dem Fluss, Ästuar). Es werden Schlussfolgerungen über die Rolle von Kolloidpartikeln im Ökosystem eines Flusses gezogen und noch bestehende Forschungsdesiderate benannt.

Trapped ions in a Paul trap can experience micromotion on top of the wanted secular motion.Micromotion can for example cause Doppler shifts in spectroscopy measurements, making it important to know the amplitude of the motion. In this master thesis we use the correlation between RF driving the trap and photons emitted by a single Beryllium ion during the fluorescence detection to determine the micromotion. This method also allows us to investigate the effect on micromotion from a phase mismatch between RF electrodes. The photon correlation method is compared to measuring the micromotion by taking the ratio between the micromotion sideband and the carrier transition, and also to a simulation of the residual RF fields in the trap by a finite element method. Finally, we vary the path length of RF lines, to tune the phase on individual RF electrodes. The result is that the phase mismatch effect is more than an order of magnitude less than expected from theory. / Fångade joner i en Paul-fälla upplever mikrorörelse utöver den önskade sekulära rörelsen. Mikrorörelse kan till exempel orsaka Dopplerförskjutning i spektroskopimätningar, vilket gör det viktigt att veta amplituden av rörelsen. I det här examensarbetet använder vi korrelationen mellan RF som driver jonfällan och fotoner utsända från en enskild berylliumjon under fluorescens-detektion, för att mäta mikrorörelsen. Den här metoden tillåter oss också att undersöka effekten på mikrorörelse från en fasförskjutning mellan RF-elektroder. Fotonkorrelationsmetoden jämförs med en mätning av mikrorörelse genom att ta förhållandet mellan mikrorörelse-sidobandet och bärar-övergången, och också med en simulering av RF-fälten i jonfällan med en finit element-metod. Slutligen varierar vi längden på RF-kopplingen, för att justera fasen mellan individuella RF-elektroder. Resultatet är att effekten från fasförskjutningen är mer än en storleksordning mindre än vad teorin förutsagt.

Avec les avantages significatifs de stockage, de traitement et de transmission des informations, la science de l’information quantique a attiré des études abondantes lors des dernières décennies, par lesquelles de nombreuses preuves de principe ont été faite en utilisant des techniques expérimentales macro-photoniques. Cependant, l'applicabilité de ces technologies dépend fortement de la miniaturisation du système, i.e. l'intégration « sur-puce » des fonctionnalités photoniques quantiques. Les conditions prérequis générales d'une puce quantique intégrée sont la génération, le transport et la détection localisée et efficace de photons. Des efforts ont été réalisés avec succès comportant une ou deux fonctions nécessaires. Cependant, l'intégration complète reste encore inachevée. Basé sur des éléments nano-photoniques de semiconducteurs et des techniques de nano-fabrication simples, cette thèse vise à fournir une stratégie d'intégration « sur-puce ». Une excitation efficace et locale d'une source de photon unique par un guide d'onde inférieure à l'échelle de la longueur d'onde est d'abord démontrée. Ensuite, nous étudions l’échange efficace de la lumière entre les nanostructures et les guide d'onde, qui peuvent servir le bloc de liaison entre les dispositifs dans un système d'intégration. La fabrication et la caractérisation d'un photo-détecteur sensible basé sur un nanofil unique sont présentées, qui présente un grand potentiel pour la détection de photons uniques. A la fin, une perspective de l'intégration ultime de toutes ces fonctionnalités est fournie / With the significant advantages in storing, processing and transmitting information, quantuminformation science has attracted abundant studies in the last few decades, by which many proofs ofprinciple have been made using macro-photonic experimental techniques. However, the applicabilityof this technology still strongly depends on the miniaturization of the system, i.e. the on-chip integration of quantum photonic functionalities. The general prerequisites of an integrated quantumchip are localised and efficient generation, transportation and detection of photons. Some effortshave been made successfully involving one or two necessary features. However, the full integration still remains unaccomplished. Based on semiconductor nanophotonic elements and simple nanofabrication techniques, this thesis aims to provide a strategy for on-chip quantum photonic integration. An efficient and local excitation of a single photon source with a subwavelengthwaveguide is firstly demonstrated. Then we investigate the efficient light exchange betweennanostructures and waveguides that can serve as linking blocks between devices in an integrationsystem. The fabrication and characterisation of a sensitive photodetector based on a single nanowireis also presented, which exhibits great potential in single-photon detection. At the end, an outlook ofthe ultimate integration of all these functionalities is provided

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