As the photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are fabricated, it is hard to modulate their optical characteristics to function as tunable optical devices. To introduce tunable optical characteristics into the PCF structures, one can infiltrate liquids into the air holes of the PCFs to form the liquid-filled PCFs. However, the propagation losses become larger due to the finite liquid-hole layers and the lossy liquids infused in all the air holes of the cladding. In this thesis, an efficient full-vector finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) mode solver cooperated with the PMLs is utilized to investigate the propagation characteristics of the selectively liquid-filled PCFs. The propagation constants and the propagation losses of the guided modes on the selectively liquid-filled PCFs can be successfully obtained. From our numerical results, the propagation losses of both the internally liquid-filled PCFs and externally liquid-filled PCFs can be efficiently reduced by the outer or inner air-hole layers, and the useful tunablility characteristics for optical device applications can be maintained. Besides, the dispersion-related devices based on the selectively liquid-filled PCFs are also investigated. It is demonstrated that a DFPCF with the flatten dispersion value D within 0 ¡Ó 1 ps/nm/km over £f = 1.45 £gm to 1.65 £gm or a DCPCF with a high negative dispersion value D = -3100 ps/nm/km at £f = 1.55 £gm can be achieved by infiltrating the liquid into all air holes or specified air-hole layers. In the experiment, a simple selectively blocking technique using the microscopy, the tool fiber and the alignment technique is employed to fabricate the internally and externally liquid-filled PCFs. The measurement of the optical characteristics of these selectively liquid-filled PCFs is carried out and compared with the simulation results.

Filling the liquid crystals (LCs) into the air holes of the photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), we can obtain the liquid-crystal photonic crystal fibers (LCPCFs). Due to the tunable optical properties of the LCs, we can fabricate tunable optical devices based on the LCPCFs. In this thesis, we investigate the photonic bandgap (PBG) properties and find out the effective modal index curves of the LCPCFs by the finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method. The effects of the operation temperature and the alignment of the LCs are discussed. When the alignment of the LC is in the transverse plane of the PCF, we can observe the blue shift and the splitting of the PBGs as we increase the operation temperature. As the LC is aligned along the PCF, the red shift occurs and the splitting disappears. The shift and the splitting of the PBGs are due to the high anisotropic property of the LCs. Besides, we can rotate the alignment of the LCs by the external electric field, and the effects of the alignment on the propagation properties of the LCPCFs are larger than those of the operation temperature. In the experiment, we successfully fabricate the LCPCFs by using the vacuum method. In the measurement of the LCPCF at different operation temperatures,the red shift of the spectra can be observed with the increasing operation temperatures, which has a very good agreement with the simulation results. As we vary the alignment of the LCs with the external electric field, the transmission bands are almost the same as the voltage is less than 200V. During the range of 200V to 400V, the PBGs demonstrate obvious variations and the deep appears at 1050nm. When the external electric field is raised to 400V, the shapes of the spectra are almost the same and the red shift of the PBGs can be observed. The results of our simulation and the experiment measurement can help us to design and fabricate optical devices based on the LCPCFs.

A novel selective-filling technology of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) employing a simple selective-blocking process using UV gel is demonstrated in this thesis. In this study the liquid-filled PCFs with the filling in inside three layers and whole four layers represent the insertion loss of gel 7.5dB and the photonic band gap (PBG) guiding effect at wavelength 1100nm~1300nm, having potential to be tunable optical filters by filling the liquid crystal. The liquid-filled PCFs without the filling of the most inside 1ayer represent low insertion loss of gel 2dB and the total index reflection (TIR) guiding effect, having potential to be low loss tunable fiber gratings by filling the liquid crystal. The liquid-filled PCFs with the filling in middle a layer represent the elliptical far field pattern and effect of birefringence at wavelength 1600nm.

<p>This thesis concerns some experimental and theoretical issues in fiber optics. In particular, properties and devices based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are investigated.</p><p>The work can be grouped into three parts. In the first part we use sound to control light in PCFs. The lowest order flexural acoustic mode of various PCFs is excited using an acoustic horn. The acoustic wave acts as a traveling long-period grating. This is utilized to couple light from the lowest order to the first higher order optical modes of the PCFs. Factors affecting the acoustooptic coupling bandwidth are also investigated. In particular, the effect of axial variations in acoustooptic phase-mismatch coefficient are studied.</p><p>In the second part of the thesis we use an electric field to control transmission properties of PCFs. Tunable photonic bandgap guidance is obtained by filling the holes of an initially index-guiding PCF with a nematic liquid crystal and applying an electric field. The electric field introduces a polarization-dependent change of transmission properties above a certain threshold field. By turning the applied field on/off, an electrically tunable optical switch is demonstrated.</p><p>The third part consists of two theoretical works. In the first work, we use relativistic causality, i.e. that signals cannot propagate faster than the vacuum velocity of light, to show that Kramers-Kronig relations exist for waveguides, even when material absorption is negligible in the frequency range of interest. It turns out that evanescent modes enter into the Kramers-Kronig relations as an effective loss term. The Kramers-Kronig relations are particularly simple in weakly guiding waveguides as the evanescent modes of these waveguides can be approximated by the evanescent modes of free space. In the second work we investigate dispersion properties of planar Bragg waveguides with advanced cladding structures. It is pointed out that Bragg waveguides with chirped claddings do not give dispersion characteristics significantly different from Bragg waveguides with periodic claddings.</p>

This thesis concerns some experimental and theoretical issues in fiber optics. In particular, properties and devices based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are investigated. The work can be grouped into three parts. In the first part we use sound to control light in PCFs. The lowest order flexural acoustic mode of various PCFs is excited using an acoustic horn. The acoustic wave acts as a traveling long-period grating. This is utilized to couple light from the lowest order to the first higher order optical modes of the PCFs. Factors affecting the acoustooptic coupling bandwidth are also investigated. In particular, the effect of axial variations in acoustooptic phase-mismatch coefficient are studied. In the second part of the thesis we use an electric field to control transmission properties of PCFs. Tunable photonic bandgap guidance is obtained by filling the holes of an initially index-guiding PCF with a nematic liquid crystal and applying an electric field. The electric field introduces a polarization-dependent change of transmission properties above a certain threshold field. By turning the applied field on/off, an electrically tunable optical switch is demonstrated. The third part consists of two theoretical works. In the first work, we use relativistic causality, i.e. that signals cannot propagate faster than the vacuum velocity of light, to show that Kramers-Kronig relations exist for waveguides, even when material absorption is negligible in the frequency range of interest. It turns out that evanescent modes enter into the Kramers-Kronig relations as an effective loss term. The Kramers-Kronig relations are particularly simple in weakly guiding waveguides as the evanescent modes of these waveguides can be approximated by the evanescent modes of free space. In the second work we investigate dispersion properties of planar Bragg waveguides with advanced cladding structures. It is pointed out that Bragg waveguides with chirped claddings do not give dispersion characteristics significantly different from Bragg waveguides with periodic claddings.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Kristan L. Corwin / Optical frequency references have been widely used in applications such as navigation, remote sensing, and telecommunication industry. For stable frequency references in the near-infrared (NIR), lasers can be locked to narrow absorption features in gases such as acetylene. Currently, most Near NIR references are realized in free space setups. In this thesis, a low-loss hollow-core optical fiber with a diameter of sub millimeters is integrated into the reference setup to provide long interaction lengths between the filling gas and the laser field, also facilitate the optical interaction with low power levels. To make portable NIR reference, gas can be sealed inside the hollow-core fiber, by creating a photonic microcell. This work has demonstrated all-fiber optical frequency references in the Near IR by fabricating and integrating gas sealed photonic microcells in the reference setup. Also, a thoughtful study regarding the lineshape of the fiber-based reference has been accomplished. According the proper modeling of a shift due to lineshape, a correction was applied to our previous absolute frequency measurement of an NIR optical frequency reference. Furthermore, effects of the hollow-core fibers, including mode-dependence frequency shift related to surface modes are explored. In addition, angle splicing techniques, which will improve the performance of the fiber-based frequency reference have been created. Low transmission and return loss angle splices of photonic bandgap fiber, single mode PCF, and large core kagome to SMF-28 are developed and those fibers are demonstrated to be promising for photonic microcell based optical frequency references. Finally, a potentially portable optical metrology system is demonstrated by stabilizing a fiber-laser based frequency comb to an acetylene-filled optical fiber frequency reference. Further work is necessary to fabricate an all-fiber portable optical metrology system with high optical transmission and low molecular contamination.

A rigorous power coupling model for three-core optical waveguides is proposed based on a full-wave vector boundary element method (VBEM). In addition to the influence of the state of the polarization (SOP) of the input light on the coupling behavior of the three-core optical waveguides can be simulated, the polarization dependent loss (PDL) of the three-core optical waveguides can also be investigated by combining the Mueller matrix method into the power coupling model. In this dissertation, the power coupling model is applied to investigate two kinds of power splitters. The first power splitters are constructed of step-index single mode fibers called triangular 3 3 fused tapered couplers. The influence of the SOP of the input light on the coupling behavior of the triangular 3 3 fused tapered couplers and the effect of fabricating parameters of the coupler, fusion degree, and heated length on the PDL of the coupler are investigated in this dissertation. The second kind of power splitters are constructed of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). And, several fundamental coupling properties of three-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with equilateral triangular cores are investigated numerically included coupling length, bandwidth, and polarization dependent loss (PDL). It is found the three-core PCFs are good candidate to be realized as an ultra-compact power splitter. And, for three-core PCFs that chose a proper coupling point can raise the yield and performance stability of the power splitter. In addition to the coupling behavior of the power splitters, two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) are also studied in this dissertation based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The phase interference phenomenon due to the multiple plane-wave signals as initial conditions of the FDTD method for computing band structure of two-dimensional PCs is studied in this dissertation. It is found some normal modes supposed to exist could be lost if the phase interference is nearly out of phase at eigenfrequency. To overcome this problem, we proposed a new solving procedure based on FDTD algorithm which can avoid mode loss phenomenon and obtain complete normal modes over interested frequency range.

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are divided into two different kinds of fibers. The first one, index-guiding PCF, guides light by total internal reflection between a solid core and a cladding region with multiple air-holes. On the other hand, the second one uses a perfectly periodic structure exhibiting a photonic band-gap (PBG) effect at the operating wavelength to guide light in a low index core-region. A compact 2D-FDTD method based on finite-difference time-domain method is formulated and is effectively applied to analysis PCFs and PBGFs. We study the propagation features of fundamental mode and the fundamental characteristics such as effective index, modal-field diameter and chromatic dispersion in index-guiding PCFs. By optimizing the air-hole diameters and the hole-to-hole spacing of index-guiding PCFs, both the dispersion and the dispersion slope can be controlled in a wide wavelength range. We also investigate the propagation features of fundamental mode and band-gap effect of PBGFs.

Orientador: Cristiano Monteiro de Barros Cordeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T18:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chesini_Giancarlo_M.pdf: 4393028 bytes, checksum: cd402e08666717100399e5c4d9465306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho de mestrado apresentamos o estudo e desenvolvimento de dispositivos óticos totalmente à fibra. Para isso, exploramos as novas possibilidades trazidas pelo advento das fibras de cristal fotônico (PCF's, do inglês Photonic Crystal Fibers). As PCF's são uma classe especial de fibras óticas que apresentam uma estrutura regular de buracos de ar na sua seção transversal, semelhante a um cristal fotônico. As fibras de cristal fotônico, além de apresentarem as vantagens inerentes às fibras óticas tradicionais, possuem novos graus de liberdade intrínsecos. Entre eles, o mais importante é a possibilidade de alterar fortemente as características da fibra através, apenas, do arranjo de buracos. Aqui, desenvolvemos uma fibra de cristal fotônico com dois buracos externos à microestrutura para integração de eletrodos. Posteriormente, um desses eletrodos foi exposto, polindo-se a lateral da fibra, e contato elétrico foi realizado. O elemento de controle do dispositivo ótico é a corrente elétrica que, aplicada ao eletrodo, o esquenta e o faz expandir via efeito Joule. O aumento de temperatura e a compressão causada pela expansão do eletrodo alteram o índice de refração e, portanto, a birrefringência da fibra. Foram realizadas, ainda, simulações utilizando o software comercial Comsol Multiphysics com o objetivo de entender a influência da temperatura e da compressão mecânica no modo ótico guiado pela fibra, bem como encontrar maneiras de otimizar o dispositivo em questã / Abstract: In this work we present a study and the development of all-fiber optical devices. For this purpose we exploited the new possibilities brought by the development of Photonic Crystal Fibers. PCF's are special kind of optical fibers with a regular pattern of air holes in their transverse section, resembling a photonic crystal. Photonic Crystal Fibers not only have the inherent advantages of traditional optical fibers but they have new intrinsic degrees of freedom. Among them, we can quote the possibility of strongly altering the fiber characteristics through the design of the air holes pattern. Here, we developed a photonic crystal fiber with two extra holes for electrode integration. One of these electrodes was exposed by side polishing the fiber and electrical contact to an external circuit was made. The contrai element of the optical device is the electrical current which, when applied to the electrode, heats it up and make it expand by Joule effect. The temperature increase and the compression caused by the electrode expansion alter the refractive index and, consequently, the fiber birefringence. We algo numerically studied the problem through Com sol software. The objective here was to understand the influence of temperature and stress on the light guided mode. In conclusion, we demonstrated in this work the creation of an all-fiber device based on the integration of electrodes to photonic crystal fibers where the element of contrai is the electrical current applied to the electrodes. We algo studied how to improve the parameters concerning the device operation / Mestrado / Física Geral / Mestre em Física

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Bozolan dos Santos.pdf: 2799601 bytes, checksum: 413a15ac3509d4fa1aa645d287b876c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-22 / Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are optical fibers whose core is surrounded by a regular matrix of holes that is responsible for light confinement and guidance. This new architecture opens new perspectives in the development of nonlinear applications, many of which are based upon the high efficiency with which nonlinearity-driven spectral broadening known supercontinuum generation is obtained in solid-core PCFs. Another asset of PCFs is that their structure can be filled with liquids or gases, which then efficiently interact with the guided light. The possibility of obtaining supercontinuum generation in a PCF whose core is filled with highly nonlinear liquids has been recently theoretically studied. The insertion of liquids in PCFs introduces a new degree of freedom with which the efficiency of nonlinear effects can be maximized. This dissertation describes experimental work, in which the generation of a supercontinuum spectrum is demonstrated in a PCF whose hollow core was selectively filled with distilled water. A maximum broadening of 503nm, measured at -20dB, was obtained with femtosecond pulse pumping at &#955;=976nm. The comparison with spectra obtained with a 800nm pump and with bulk samples demonstrate that both a low dispersion at the pump wavelength and pump guidance are crucial for the broad output spectrum obtained. Numerical simulations and analyses were also undertaken to complement the study. / Fibras de cristal fotônico (PCF s) são fibras ópticas cujo núcleo é cercado por uma matriz regular de buracos, responsável pelo confinamento e guiamento da luz. Esta nova arquitetura abre novas perspectivas no desenvolvimento de aplicações não-lineares, muitas das quais são baseadas na alta eficiência com que o alargamento espectral não-linear conhecido como geração de supercontínuo é obtido em PCF s de núcleo sólido. Outra característica das fibras de cristal fotônico é que sua estrutura pode ser preenchida com líquidos e gases, que então interagem eficientemente com a luz guiada. A possibilidade de se obter a geração de supercontínuo em uma fibra de cristal fotônico cujo núcleo é preenchido com líquidos altamente não-lineares foi teoricamente estudado recentemente. A inserção de líquidos nas PCF s introduz um novo grau de liberdade, aumentando a eficiência com que os efeitos não-lineares podem ser gerados. Esta dissertação descreve um trabalho experimental no qual é demonstrada a geração de supercontínuo em uma PCF cujo núcleo foi preenchido seletivamente com água destilada. Obteve-se um alargamento máximo de 503nm medido, a -20dB, com o bombeio de pulsos de femtossegundos em 976nm. A comparação com o espectro obtido com o bombeio em 800nm e em amostras volumétricas demonstram que tanto a baixa dispersão no comprimento de onda de bombeio quanto o guiamento dos pulsos são cruciais para a obtenção do largo espectro observado. Simulações e análises numéricas foram também realizadas para complementar o estudo.