No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Wang, Wei. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-83). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Ramaria is a genus of epigeous fungi common to the coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America. The extensively branched basidiocarps and the positive chemical reaction of the context in ferric sulfate are distinguishing characteristics of the genus. The genus is estimated to contain between 200-300 species and is divided into four subgenera, i.) R. subgenus Ramaria, ii.) R. subgenus Laeticolora, iii.) R. subgenus Lentoramaria and iv.) R. subgenus Echinoramaria, according to macroscopic, microscopic and macrochemical characters. The systematics of Ramaria is problematic and confounded by intraspecific and possibly ontogenetic variation in several morphological traits. To test generic and intrageneric taxonomic classifications, two gene regions were sequenced and subjected to maximum parsimony analyses. The nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nuc LSU rDNA) was used to test and refine generic, subgeneric and selected species concepts of Ramaria and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mt SSU rDNA) was used as an independent locus to test the monophyly of Ramaria. Cladistic analyses of both loci indicated that Ramaria is paraphyletic due to several non-ramarioid taxa nested within the genus including Clavariadelphus, Gautieria, Gomphus and Kavinia. In the nuc LSU rDNA analyses, R. subgenus Ramaria species formed a monophyletic Glade and were indicated for the first time to be a sister group to Gautieria. Ramaria subgenus Ramaria and Gautieria were derived from R. subgenus Laeticolora, which formed a paraphyletic grade that included Gomphus. Ramaria subgenus Lentoramaria species also formed a paraphyletic grade in the nuc LSU rDNA analyses. The Phallales and Clavariadelphus were indicated as sister taxa to the R. stricta complex and Kavinia and R. abietina of R. subgenus Echinoramaria grouped with the basal species, R. pinicola, of R. subgenus Lentoramaria. In the mt SSU rDNA analyses, Gautieria and Gomphus again nested within Ramaria; however, the Phallales were indicated as a sister taxon to the Gomphales. A single evolutionary origin of the terrestrial habit was inferred for Ramaria with the terrestrial species, R. rainierensis, bridging the gap between the lignicolous R. subgenus Lentoramaria and the terrestrial R. subgenus Laeticolora. Species concepts tested included R. amyloidea and R. celerivirescens both of R. subgenus Laeticolora that differ primarily in the presence of clamp connections. The results supported these two taxa as distinct, sister species. These analyses were consistent with the ramarioid morphology as ancestral for the Gomphales with unique derivations of the club, false truffle and gomphoid morphologies. / Graduation date: 2000

The genus Petrolisthes is the largest, the most widely distributed genus in the family Porcellanidae. It contains over 100 species distributed around the world , including over 16 species commonly found near the shore of Taiwan . We discuss the diversity and phylogeny of them, and the similarities and dissimilarites of between the molecular biology and traditional morphology. We got 15 pocerlain crabs specimen and almost 900bp and 800bp of them in the 16S rRNA and 12SrRNA of MtDNA respectively. The average pairwise distances is 0.2510 and 0.2249, and the phylogenetic relationship can be determined by observing the morphology of the Petrolisthes crabs, especially the number of spines on the anterior margin of the carpus of the chelipeds, which are an important basis for evolution and classfication. The tree is made from the morphological characters is put more weight by us to the numbers of spines on the anterior margin of the carpus of the chelipeds, and the presence or not of the spines of the outline of the chelipeds. And we can get the same resuit as the molecular phylogenetical tree. This provides an evidence to the situation that molecular phylogeny will present to the morphological character, and some of the characters are more important to the molecular evolution. The phylogeny relationship of porcelain crabs of the west and east Pacific don¡¦t be separated by the Pacific. But the primary phylogenetic relationship still present to the morphological characters. The group T is some species that evolve rapidly with the environment at the later evolution phase. The mitochondrial DNA of Petrolisthes has been sequencing two third of all and compared with the 5 previously studied species ¡]Limulus polyphemus¡BArtemia franciscana¡BDaphnia pulex¡BPenaeus mondon¡BPagurus longicarpus¡^in the class Crustacean. The results reveal that the genome of Petrolisthes is arranged most like that of the hermit crab Pagurus, suggesting they may share an ancestral phenotype. However, the start and terminal codon of Petrolisthes show a unusual similarity to that of Penaeus, the phylogenetic result of the sequence of the protein coding genes support the classification to the anomura conclude the Pagurus and Petrolisthes, and there are high bootstrap values more than 84 with the clade of Pagurus and Petrolisthes in the neighbor-joining method tree and maximum parsimony tree. These analysis showed encourage much needed research and discussion about the relationship between anomura, brachyura and macrura, of the order Decapoda.

The genus Polyalthiais one of the largest genera in the early-divergent angiosperm family Annonaceae, with ca. 155 currently accepted species. The genus has long been recognised as a morphologically heterogeneous assemblage lacking conspicuous synapomorphies, and is one of the most significant impediments to revisionary and floristic taxonomic research in the family. The polyphyletic status of the genus has been confirmed in several molecular phylogenetic studies, with several other genera (Enicosanthum, Fenerivia, Haplostichanthus, Marsypopetalum, Monoon, Trivalvariaand Woodiellantha)either closely related to or with species formally assigned to Polyalthia. This thesis presents the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of Polyalthiato date, including 44Polyalthiaspecies and 16 species from putatively related genera. The phylogeny was reconstructed using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI)methods, based on three chloroplast DNA regions (matK, rbcLand trnL-F). The Polyalthia species are shown to segregate into four clades: (I) a clade sister to Miliusa; (II) a clade that includes four Polyalthia species and also Marsypopetalum pallidum, sister to Trivalvaria; (III) a clade that also includes all Enicosanthum and Woodiellantha species sampled, sister to Neo-uvaria; and (IV) a clade that also includes all Haplostichanthus species sampled, sister to Popowia. All four identified Polyalthia clades are located in the tribe Miliuseae. In order to assess the relationships among different Polyalthia clades as well as the relationships among all the genera in Miliuseae, a pilot study on the phylogenetic utility of a wide range of markers was carried out. Based on the result, eight chloroplast markers (matK, rbcL, trnL-F, psbA-trnH, ndhF, ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnLand ycf1) were selected and further sequenced for the clade representatives. Although unsuccessful in resolving the Miliuseae, the recognition of three of the four Polyalthia clades as monophyletic genera was confirmed. Diagnostic morphological and anatomical characters were evaluated for clades II–IV, with the emphasis on putative synapomorphies. The morphology of the species not sampled for molecular study was examined in detail and compared against diagnostic characters to determine correct taxonomic placement. Based on the results, five Polyalthia species are transferred to Marsypopetalum. The generic name Monoon is resurrected for the clade that includes Enicosanthum and Woodiellantha, with the transfer of 37 species from Polyalthia s.l., 18 species from Enicosanthum and one Woodiellantha species. The generic name Haplostichanthus is synonymised with Polyalthias.str., with the 11 Haplostichanthus species transferred to Polyalthias.str.. The eight Polyalthia species reported from Fiji were further sampled in a phylogenetic reconstruction based on three markers (matK, rbcLand trnL-F). Three groups were identified, allied with Goniothalamus, Polyalthia Clade I and Meiogyne respectively. The flower of Fenerivia capuronii (Cavaco & Keraudren) R.M.K. Saunders was selected for anatomical studies to examine whether the flange represents a reduced calyx as suggested for F. heteropetala and thus to test a possible homoetic mutation in F. capuronii. The results show that there is no vascular supply in the flange of F. capuronii, and that the putative homeotic change within Feneriviais therefore likely to only occur in F. heteropetala. / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Not available / text

Not available / text

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.