An assessment of the significance and social impact of the quarrying industry in Shropshire in the 19th and 20th centuries Robert. S. Galloway This thesis investigates the technological innovations associated with the quarrying industry of Shropshire during the 19th and 20th centuries, from the extraction of rough-cut limestone, to greywacke used as road stone, sandstone flags found in vernacular buildings and finally to dimension stone. Examples of the minerals can be found in Shropshire, so such a breath of geology has made this county unique. Knowledge of geology and minerals is united in the quarrying industry. The inaccessibility and remote location of the raw materials has made the quarrying industry different from and other. The many methods of transport are also traced up to the 20th century. Access from remote locations to villages, towns and cities was very difficult. Britain's 18th century roads were made in form of causeways, constructed of stone and rubble, so narrow that only one horse-drawn cart could pass at a time. Eventually a network of roads spread across the country, enabling local and national economics to flourish. The quarrying industry, associated firstly with agriculture, rose to the ever-increasing needs of the industrial revolution by moving from manpower to machinery driven by stream.

<p><p>Karlstadsregionens Räddningstjänstförbund (nedan kallat KRf) har som mål att utöka sin användning av geografiska informationssystem (GIS). Som ett led i utökningen har KRf köpt in programvaran ArcGIS för att kunna presentera, redigera och analysera geografiska data. Det som saknas är ett behovsanpassat kart- och registermaterial till ArcGIS som täcker KRf’s verksamhetsområde. Det här examensarbetet har utförts i syfte att besvara följande frågeställningar som rör införandet av ArcGIS och tillhörande geografiska data:</p><ol><li>Vilket referenssystem ska användas och hur ska KRf förhålla sig gentemot övergången till SWEREF99 TM? </li><li>Var ska KRf lagra sina geografiska data och i vilket format? </li><li>Vem ska sammanställa, administrera och uppdatera de data och register KRf behöver? </li></ol><p>Utredningen rekommenderar att KRf arbetar i ett och samma referenssystem oavsett avdelning. Därför anses det bäst att arbeta i RT90 2,5 gon V eftersom operativ verksamhet kommer att ligga kvar i nämnda referenssystem. Alla leverantörer av geografiska data KRf är beroende av kan leverera i RT90 2,5 gon V.</p><p>Byte till SWEREF99 TM bör KRf göra i samband med att operativ verksamhet gör det. Bytet kommer troligen att ske först när SOS-alarm inte längre levererar larmkoordinater i RT90 2,5 gon V. Att transformera KRf’s geografiska data till SWEREF99 TM kan Karlstads kommun hjälpa till med och det ses inte som tekniskt komplicerat.</p><p>Vidare rekommenderar utredningen att lagra geografiska data i formatet filbaserad geodatabas på KRf’s serverplats hos Karlstads kommun.</p><p>Administrering och uppdatering av KRf-data är GIS-avdelningen på Karlstads kommun villiga att hjälpa till med, vilket även författarna till detta examensarbete anser vore den lämpligaste lösningen då den typen av kompetens saknas på KRf.</p><p>Syftet har även varit att visa nyttan med GIS. Det har gjorts genom att demonstrera en kartprototyp i ArcGIS där olika användningsexempel anpassade för KRf har presenterats.</p><p> </p></p> / <p><p>The aim for the fire brigade of the Karlstad region (below referred to as "the fire brigade") is to expand their use of geographical information systems (GIS). As a step of the expansion the fire brigade has bought the computer software ArcGIS which enables presenting, editing and analyzing of geographical data. What is needed is geographical data and registers adapted for ArcGIS covering the whole region of operation. This degree project has been carried out in order to answer questions concerning the introduction of ArcGIS and the adapted data:</p><ol><li>Which reference system will be used and how should the fire brigade adapt towards the transition to SWEREF99 TM? </li><li>Where will the fire brigade store its geographical data and in which data format? </li><li>Who will assemble, administrate and update the geographical data and registers needed? </li></ol><p>The study recommends the fire brigade to use the same reference system in the entire organisation. Therefore the best solution is considered to be using RT90 2,5 gon W for GIS-applications since the operative unit will remain using mentioned reference system. All data suppliers are able to deliver data in RT90 2,5 gon W.</p><p>When the operative unit, controlled by SOS-alarm, transcend to SWEREF99 TM the advice is to follow with the rest of the organization. The transition will probably not be made until SOS-alarm stops delivering coordinates in RT90 2,5 gon W. To change reference system into SWEREF99 TM is not technically complicated and Karlstad municipality is offering to help.</p><p>Geographical data is recommended to be stored in the format of file-based geodatabase on the fire brigades server space.</p><p>Karlstad municipality’s GIS-department is willing to administer and update the geographical data and the authors of this degree project believe suggested solution will be the most appropriate - since that type of competence is missing within the fire brigade.</p></p>

<p>Gruvindustrin har varit en viktig näringsgren i Norberg, när detta avvecklades resulterade detta i arbetslösa gruvarbetare i behov av inkomst och arbete.</p><p>Min undersökning gick ut på att analysera och hitta eventuella samband mellan gruvindustrin och samhällsförändringen i Norberg.</p><p>I arbetet utgick jag från följande frågeställningar:</p><p>- Har gruvindustrin haft betydelse för tillväxten/nedgången av samhället Norberg?</p><p>- Vad utvanns ur gruvorna vid Klackbergsfältet och hur mycket?</p><p>- Vad används Klackbergsfältet till idag?</p><p>För att kunna utföra denna undersökning med tilltänkta analyser behövde jag lära mig grunderna av programvaran ArcGIS deskop.</p><p>Studien visar att gruvindustrin har haft betydelse för Norbergs tillväxt men studien kan inte påvisa en negativ effekt för samhällsstrukturen, då folkmängden visar sig stabil i studien.</p> / <p>The mining industry has been an important commerce in Norberg. When this activity ended, it resulted in unemployment for the workers in the mining industry.</p><p>My investigation aimed to analyse and find possible connections between the mining industry and alternations of the society.</p><p>In my study I focused upon the following issues:</p><p>- Has the mining industry been of importance for the growth/recession of the society Norberg?</p><p>- What was extracted from the mines at Klackbergsfältet and in which quantities?</p><p>- What the use of Klackbergsfältet today?</p><p>To be able to accomplish this investigation with the desired analysis I learnt the rudiments of the software ArcGIS deskop.</p><p>The study shows that the mining industry has been of importance for the recession of Norberg, but the study can not show a negative effect for the structure of the society, as the population turn out to have been stable in the study.</p>

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1972. / Mimeographed.

<p> Climate warming is occurring at an unprecedented rate in the Arctic, seriously impacting sensitive environments, and triggering land cover change. These changes are compounded by localized human influences. This work classifies land cover change for the Lower Yenisei River, identifies those changes that were climate- and anthropogenic- induced, and discusses the implications for the underlying permafrost system. This is accomplished using a modified version of the &ldquo;Landsat dense time stacking&rdquo; methodology for three time periods spanning 29 years that are representative of Russian socio-economic transitions during the mid- to late-1980s (1985-1987), the early 2000s (2000-2002), and the contemporary 2010s (2012-2014). The classified area includes three cities indicative of different post-Soviet socio-economic situations, including continued population and infrastructure decline (Igarka), a relatively stable community (Dudinka), and a community receiving local reinvestment (Norilsk). The land cover classification, in tandem with regional climate reanalysis data, enabled climate- and anthropogenic- induced changes to be identified, characterized, and quantified. Climatic changes within the natural environments have produced a steady greening effect throughout the study area, as well as an increase in large lake abundance, indicative of permafrost degradation. Pollution, in close proximity to heavy industrial activity, caused a secondary plant succession process. The results of this work provide both map products that can be applied to future research in this region, as well as insights into the impacts of the warming climate and human presence on sensitive Arctic environments.</p>

Passive microwave remote sensing has shown potential for monitoring near surface soil moisture. This dissertation presents a new approach to representing the effect of vegetation on microwave emission by extending an existing model (Wilheit, 1978) of the coherent propagation of electromagnetic radiation through a stratified medium. The resulting multi-layer microwave emission model is plausibly realistic in that it captures the behavior of the vegetation canopy by considering the dielectric permittivity of the mixture of air and vegetation matter in the canopy and recognizing the vertical distribution of dielectric permittivity through the canopy. The model parameters required to specify the dielectric profile within the canopy are not usually available from data taken in typical field experiments, particularly the parameters that quantify the way the dielectric permittivity of the vegetation and air mix together to give the dielectric permittivity of the canopy. Thus, the feasibility of specifying these parameters using an advanced single-criterion, multiple-parameter optimization technique was investigated. The resulting model was also applied to investigate the sensitivity of microwave emission to specific vegetation parameters. The study continued with an investigation of how the presence and nature of vegetation cover influences the values of geophysical variables retrieved from multi-angle microwave radiometer spectrometer observations, using the upcoming Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission as a case study. The extended version of the Wilheit (1978) model was used to calculate synthetic observations of microwave brightness temperature at the look-angles proposed for the SMOS mission for three different soil moisture states (wet, medium, and dry) and four different vegetation covers (grass, crop, shrub, and forest). It was shown that retrieved values are only accurate when the effective values of the opacity coefficient used in the Fresnel model are made to vary in a prescribed way with look-angle, soil moisture status, and vegetation. The errors in retrieved values that may be induced by poor specification of vegetation cover were investigated by imposing random errors in the values of vegetation-related parameters in the forward calculations of synthetic observations made with the extended Wilheit model. The results show that poorly specified vegetation can result in both random and systematic errors in the retrieved values of the geophysical variables. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Quaking aspen stands in many areas of the intermountain west are currently dominated by older (>100 year) age classes and may be in decline. The goals of my research are to: (1) place current observations of aspen decline into context by using historical and ecological data to investigate the interaction of fire, ungulate browsing, climate and human institutions in the regeneration of aspen stands over the last two centuries; (2) evaluate the challenges and limitations associated with using ecological history for management of aspen and other systems; and (3) compare current and historical aspen regeneration across three elk winter range areas in the intermountain West. Based on results from stand age structures, aspen regeneration in the Jackson Valley has occurred episodically since 1830, with three major periods of regeneration: 1860-1885; 1915-1940; and 1955-1990. These multi-decadal episodes of aspen regeneration are related to similar variability in precipitation, where above average periods of annual precipitation are associated with aspen regeneration. However, significant levels of aspen regeneration have only coincided with low or moderate elk population estimates and fewer aspen have regenerated than expected when elk populations are high (X² = 59.92, p < 0.0001). Current aspen reproduction, though minimal, is strongly affected by elk browse with percent browse significantly higher in elk winter range than outside of elk winter range (p = 0.051). Though extensive or frequent fires may have maintained aspen communities during the pre-settlement era, current management controlled fires have not affected aspen sucker density. The influence of multiple interacting processes and drivers in the Jackson Valley suggests that reconstructing past ecosystems as benchmarks for ecological management should be considered carefully. Given future environmental variability, reconstructions of past systems should focus on ecological relationships rather than on single states or processes. Comparison of aspen in the three elk winter range areas indicates that heavy browsing by elk populations has had a strong influence on episodes of aspen regeneration for the last 150 years in all three elk winter ranges. However, elk are not having strong impacts on aspen outside of elk winter range.

No description available.

No description available.

The climate system exhibits behavior on a wide range of time and spatial scales. Computer models that simulate climate must be faithful to these matters of scale in order to achieve meaningful results. This study involves the coupling of two models: a model that simulates the seasonal fluctuations of the atmosphere and ocean with a time constant on the order of one day and a continental ice sheet model designed to simulate the behavior of ice sheets over tens of thousands of years. These models are asynchronously coupled in both time and space because computational requirements limit the minimum grid size and time step size. Experiments are presented which examine the long time constant of the continental ice sheet and the fast approach to quasi-equilibrium of the seasonal model. Simulations of present day conditions from the coupled model are compared with climate observations and simulations of other climate models. These studies also show the sensitivity of model simulations of past climate to albedo changes, differing ice flow parameters, aerosol dust, lapse rate changes, and changes in carbon dioxide. The coupled model is then used to simulate a 120,000 year ice age cycle and mechanisms important over long time scales are discussed.