Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1959. / Typescript. Abstracted in Dissertation abstracts, v. 19 (1959) no. 11, p. 2882-2883. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-221).

A formação de professores está presente entre as questões mais atuais da pesquisa em educação e em muitos dos discursos que balizam as políticas públicas. Documentos oficiais, como as diretrizes para a formação de professores da Educação Básica, de 2002, sinalizam necessidades de mudanças na formação inicial, especialmente no que diz respeito à superação de fragmentações. Isso significa, no caso específico da física, que, por exemplo, a formação inicial não pode se reduzir à superposição do aprender física com o aprender a ser professor. Diante desse quadro, buscamos investigar qual é o papel dos saberes de física na formação do professor, que espaços e formas esse saber ocupa nos currículos dos cursos de licenciatura e quais relações se estabelecem entre esses e os outros saberes presentes na formação inicial. Para isso, utilizamos referenciais teóricos da área de formação de professores e de teorias de currículo. Delimitamos três âmbitos de investigação, ainda que interdependentes: (i) políticas públicas gerais, (ii) resultados de pesquisas em ensino de ciências, expressão da comunidade de pesquisa da área, além dos (iii) espaços de concretização das práticas, referente aos cursos de licenciatura propriamente ditos. Para tanto, pesquisamos documentos oficiais e obras de cunho histórico sobre a formação de professores e a escola básica no Brasil; analisamos artigos presentes nas atas de eventos da área de ensino de ciências; investigamos cursos de licenciatura e mudanças curriculares, com atenção especial ao estudo em caso de um curso específico de licenciatura em física. Em todos esses momentos, procuramos caracterizar quais saberes específicos de física e quais saberes pedagógicos estavam sendo considerados, além de qual articulação entre esses saberes estava sendo proposta. Na maior parte do material analisado, constatamos que os saberes de física estão fortemente naturalizados. Isso significa que, a despeito das sinalizações de mudanças mais recentes, os saberes de física presentes nos cursos de licenciatura não têm sido alvo de questionamentos, problematizações ou propostas expressivas de modificações. São considerados como decorrentes de certa lógica interna da ciência, já instaurada nos cursos superiores de física. Nossos resultados sinalizam que sem tais reflexões, em que as questões das finalidades formativas ganhem destaque, será muito difícil superar a dicotomia entre saberes. No entanto, no caso específico analisado, há indícios positivos, apontando possibilidades de inovação. A partir dos resultados obtidos, defendemos que se faz urgente a rediscussão dos saberes de física na formação inicial em suas formas, espaços, objetivos e valores. / In the last decades, special attention has been devoted to researches related to teacher role in education process and its professional qualifications. Government documents, like the Diretrizes para a formação de professores da Educação Básica, published in 2002, called attention to the lack of connections between different approaches along teachers initial education programs. In the specific physics situation, this means that being a physics teacher must includes more than just learn physics and learn to be a teacher. In this frame of reference, we developed an investigation about how and which physics knowledge and other knowledge happen to integrate the curriculum of a physics teacher formation program. With this purpose, elements from curriculum theories and from teacher education proposals and reflections were discussed and incorporated. The investigations were developed in three interdependent scopes: (i) documents concerning educational general policies related to teachers programs as well as historical notes, (ii) results related to teachers education in the field of science learning researches and (iii) physics education curriculum, programs and courses (licenciaturas) in their self. In these different materials and moments we try to identify the aspects and selections concerning the physics knowledge that were being considered and which correlation was established in between this and the other knowledge to be a teacher. In almost all the cases that were analyzed we found that there is no discussion about which physics must be presented, as if there is just one and unique way of doing it. As a consequence, it means that the physics content remains unavailable to eventual changes and reproduces what is done in all physics undergraduate courses, granted by a casual epistemological science status. Our results indicate that the ultimate purposes of physics teaching are seldom considered, preventing from promoting a more autonomous teacher role. In this sense, we urge for a more comprehensive discussion about the kind of knowledge needed in the physics teacher education programs, including physics selections and organization, taking in account purposes, intentions and desired values to be promoted.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2008. / Thesis directed by Don Howard for the Graduate Program in History and Philosophy of Science. "April 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-220).

A formação de professores está presente entre as questões mais atuais da pesquisa em educação e em muitos dos discursos que balizam as políticas públicas. Documentos oficiais, como as diretrizes para a formação de professores da Educação Básica, de 2002, sinalizam necessidades de mudanças na formação inicial, especialmente no que diz respeito à superação de fragmentações. Isso significa, no caso específico da física, que, por exemplo, a formação inicial não pode se reduzir à superposição do aprender física com o aprender a ser professor. Diante desse quadro, buscamos investigar qual é o papel dos saberes de física na formação do professor, que espaços e formas esse saber ocupa nos currículos dos cursos de licenciatura e quais relações se estabelecem entre esses e os outros saberes presentes na formação inicial. Para isso, utilizamos referenciais teóricos da área de formação de professores e de teorias de currículo. Delimitamos três âmbitos de investigação, ainda que interdependentes: (i) políticas públicas gerais, (ii) resultados de pesquisas em ensino de ciências, expressão da comunidade de pesquisa da área, além dos (iii) espaços de concretização das práticas, referente aos cursos de licenciatura propriamente ditos. Para tanto, pesquisamos documentos oficiais e obras de cunho histórico sobre a formação de professores e a escola básica no Brasil; analisamos artigos presentes nas atas de eventos da área de ensino de ciências; investigamos cursos de licenciatura e mudanças curriculares, com atenção especial ao estudo em caso de um curso específico de licenciatura em física. Em todos esses momentos, procuramos caracterizar quais saberes específicos de física e quais saberes pedagógicos estavam sendo considerados, além de qual articulação entre esses saberes estava sendo proposta. Na maior parte do material analisado, constatamos que os saberes de física estão fortemente naturalizados. Isso significa que, a despeito das sinalizações de mudanças mais recentes, os saberes de física presentes nos cursos de licenciatura não têm sido alvo de questionamentos, problematizações ou propostas expressivas de modificações. São considerados como decorrentes de certa lógica interna da ciência, já instaurada nos cursos superiores de física. Nossos resultados sinalizam que sem tais reflexões, em que as questões das finalidades formativas ganhem destaque, será muito difícil superar a dicotomia entre saberes. No entanto, no caso específico analisado, há indícios positivos, apontando possibilidades de inovação. A partir dos resultados obtidos, defendemos que se faz urgente a rediscussão dos saberes de física na formação inicial em suas formas, espaços, objetivos e valores. / In the last decades, special attention has been devoted to researches related to teacher role in education process and its professional qualifications. Government documents, like the Diretrizes para a formação de professores da Educação Básica, published in 2002, called attention to the lack of connections between different approaches along teachers initial education programs. In the specific physics situation, this means that being a physics teacher must includes more than just learn physics and learn to be a teacher. In this frame of reference, we developed an investigation about how and which physics knowledge and other knowledge happen to integrate the curriculum of a physics teacher formation program. With this purpose, elements from curriculum theories and from teacher education proposals and reflections were discussed and incorporated. The investigations were developed in three interdependent scopes: (i) documents concerning educational general policies related to teachers programs as well as historical notes, (ii) results related to teachers education in the field of science learning researches and (iii) physics education curriculum, programs and courses (licenciaturas) in their self. In these different materials and moments we try to identify the aspects and selections concerning the physics knowledge that were being considered and which correlation was established in between this and the other knowledge to be a teacher. In almost all the cases that were analyzed we found that there is no discussion about which physics must be presented, as if there is just one and unique way of doing it. As a consequence, it means that the physics content remains unavailable to eventual changes and reproduces what is done in all physics undergraduate courses, granted by a casual epistemological science status. Our results indicate that the ultimate purposes of physics teaching are seldom considered, preventing from promoting a more autonomous teacher role. In this sense, we urge for a more comprehensive discussion about the kind of knowledge needed in the physics teacher education programs, including physics selections and organization, taking in account purposes, intentions and desired values to be promoted.

Notre travail porte sur une analyse des pratiques de classe au cours de la mise en œuvre d’une séquence d’enseignement sur les circuits électriques en 5ème. Nous étudions la vie du savoir, son évolution et sa continuité à travers ces pratiques. Nos outils théoriques s'appuient largement sur la Théorie de l’Action Conjointe en Didactique (TACD) qui permet la description de la pratique en fournissant des outils pour cette description notamment la notion de jeu. Nous étudions dans un premier temps les effets des pratiques de classe sur la vie du savoir, ensuite nous effectuons une étude sur la continuité du savoir. Notre analyse des effets des pratiques de classe sur la vie du savoir se fonde principalement sur notre analyse en jeux et elle est complétée par une analyse au niveau microscopiques en facettes qui représentent des parties du discours de l’ordre d’une phrase ou d’une intervention portant sur un élément de savoir. L’étude de l’ensemble des jeux des séances analysées nous a permis de distinguer certains jeux particuliers du point de vue du développement du savoir. L’étude de ces jeux nous a permis de montrer l’influence des actions du professeur et des élèves sur l’évolution du savoir. Une comparaison avec ce qui était prévu par le professeur selon les propositions des concepteurs de la séquence montre deux cas de développement suivant la façon dont le professeur prend l’activité effective des élèves en considération. Dans un cas il y a un élargissement et une densification du savoir autour d’une notion, les éléments de savoirs introduits sont en cohérence et continuité avec ceux déjà introduits, et dans l’autre cas il apparaît une dispersion des éléments de savoir autour d’une notion, les éléments de savoir introduits n’ont pas ou peu de lien avec l’enjeu de savoir.Dans notre étude nous considérons que la continuité du savoir est établie grâce à des liens créés entre éléments de savoir, méthode, procédure ou discussions à propos de ces éléments, qui peuvent avoir été en jeu à différents moments de leur enseignement., Pour cette étude la méthodologie est adaptée à la définition de la continuité et à nos données, elle inclut une analyse microscopique en facettes nourrie dans certains cas par l’analyse en jeux. Nous avons construit des catégories du fonctionnement du savoir qui permettent de relier des éléments de savoir introduits à différents moments de l’enseignement. Pour cela nous avons fait appel aux niveaux de modélisation ainsi qu’aux taches épistémiques comme définir, interpréter, décrire, comparer, etc.Cette analyse a montré que le développement du savoir est principalement initié par le champ expérimental et non par des relations entre concepts. Les nouveaux concepts sont introduits lors du passage d’une description entre objets et événements à une conceptualisation ou relation entre concepts. Cette introduction est assez souvent imposée et peut expliquer des discontinuités repérées dans la séquence.Pour terminer nous proposons des perspectives pour la formation des maitres et la conception de séquences. / Our work is focused on the analysis of classroom practices during a physics teaching sequence on electrical circuits in 7th grade. We study the life of knowledge, its evolution and continuity through these practices. Our theoretical tools are largely based on the Joint Action Theory in Didactics (JATD) that allows us to describe the practices by providing tools for this description especially the concept of the learning games. We first study the effects of classroom practices on the knowledge’s life, then we study the continuity of knowledge.Our analysis of classroom practices’effects on the life of knowledge is based primarily on our learning games analysis and is completed by a microscopic level analysis of facets that represent parts of a speech at the level of a sentence or an intervention on an element of knowledge. The study of the whole learning games analysed in the studied sessions allowed us to distinguish some particular learning games from the development of knowledge perspective. The study of these games allowed us to show the influence of the actions of the teacher and students on the evolution of knowledge. A comparison with what was planned by the teacher according to the proposals of the designers of the sequence shows two cases of development according to the way the teacher takes into considerationthe actual activity of the students. In one case there is an enlargement and densification of knowledge about a concept, elements of knowledge are introduced in consistency and continuity with those already introduced. In the other case there is dispersion of knowledge elements around a concept, elements of knowledge introduced has no or little connection with the knowledge at stake.In our study we consider that the continuity of knowledge is established through links between elements of knowledge, methods, procedures or discussions about these elements, at different teaching moments. Thus, in order to study the continuity of knowledge, we built a methodology adapted to this definition and our data by relying on microscopic analysis of facets completed in some cases by our learning games analysis. We built categories of processing knowledge that allows to connect different elements of knowledge introduced at different teaching moments. For this purpose, we used the modelling levels as well as the epistemic tasks such as defining, interpreting, describing, comparing, etc. This analysis ha shown that the development of knowledge is mainly initiated by the experimental field and not by relations between concepts. The new concepts are introduced during the passage of a description between objects and events to a conceptualization or relationship between concepts. This introduction is often imposed and may explain discontinuity of knowledge identified in the sequence.Finally, we offer perspectives for teacher training and sequences design.