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Cette thèse prétend décoder le langage musical du tango rioplatense et étudier scientifiquement sa potentialité de mutation. Ainsi, l’œuvre de tango « porteño » sera analysée parallèlement à la proposition de tango « nómade » d’Astor Piazzolla. Ce travail analytique est focalisé sur les paramètres, les éléments compositionnels, les aspects idiomatiques de la performance et les outils d’arrangement caractéristiques, en comparaison permanente avec l’usage chez Piazzolla. L'objectif est de dissocier les éléments qui conforment et qui créent les structures si particulières du tango traditionnel et d’analyser profondément leurs constitutions, ainsi que leurs relations avec d’autres composants, pour ensuite observer leurs applications chez Piazzolla. La première partie de cette étude analyse les modalités de performance, les niveaux de précision dans la représentation graphique et l’œuvre de tango porteño et de Piazzolla. Les quatre parties suivantes se penchent sur les paramètres rythmiques, mélodiques, harmoniques, formels et orchestraux. Chaque partie est divisée en deux sections, la première analyse systématiquement le fonctionnement des paramètres dans le tango porteño, et la deuxième étudie les mêmes paramètres chez Piazzolla. / This thesis claims to decode the musical language of the tango rioplatense and to study scientifically its potentiality of transformation. Therefore, the tango "porteño" will be analyzed at the same time as the "nomadic" proposition of Astor Piazzolla. This analytical work is focused on the tango musical parameters, the compositional elements, the idiomatic aspects of the performance and the typical tools of arrangement, in permanent comparison with Piazzolla’s application.The first part of this study analyzes the modalities of performance, the levels of precision in the graphic representation of the tango porteño and Piazzolla’s. The following four sections bend over the rhythmic, melodic, harmonics, formal and orchestral parameters. Every part is divided into two sections, the first analysis systematically the functioning of the parameters in the tango porteño, and the second studies the same parameters on Piazzolla’s music.

THE FLUTE AND GUITAR DUO: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUAL PARTNERSHIP By Lisa Marie Schroeder December 2015 The 21st century flute and guitar duo literature contains equal parts of intricate melodic and harmonic content, challenging both players with standard and contemporary techniques. In the past, beginning with the late seventeen hundreds, the repertoire for this combination consisted of simple flute melodies and sparse, accompanimental guitar parts. When did an equal partnership begin developing between the instruments and how are professional duos guiding this change? For the research of this document, a survey was drafted and sent to 104 professional flute and guitar duos around the globe, resulting in 51 duos completing and returning the questionnaire. Of the 51 duos that returned the survey, 48 duos qualified as professional and three duos were disqualified. The general consensus reached is that the flute and guitar duo has developed into an equal partnership in the last 30 years, accomplished through music with more substantial parts for both instruments, beginning with the legendary Histoire du Tango by Ástor Piazzolla. My hope is that those who read this document will understand the need for more flute and guitar music containing equal parts, thus inspiring commissions. I hope, too, that the lists of pieces revealed by seasoned flute and guitar duos (located in Appendix B and C), will be a useful tool for all flute and guitar duos, especially those starting out in the genre. This document is essential to the university flute and guitar studios and beginning duos in selecting pieces in which both performers will learn and grow as instrumentalists and chamber musicians.

Astor Piazzolla (1921-1992) captivated Argentine and international audiences with his innovative works in a nuevo tango style and his bandoneón performances. Piazzolla?s success culminated during the 1980s with his second Quinteto, which performed remarkable concerts in venues such as the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires and the Central Park Bandshell in New York, in addition to the performances at the Montreal and Montreux Jazz Festivals. His music also grew popular with a plethora of internationally acclaimed classical and jazz artists as well as with Argentine musicians themselves. However, Piazzolla?s music poses a challenge today, because nuevo tango represents a synthesis of the composer?s musical and cultural backgrounds, conjoining the tango legacy of Buenos Aires, the jazz idioms that he absorbed in New York, and the international traditions of classical music. Many musicians, specifically those from the United States, perform and study nuevo tango without having sufficient prerequisite knowledge of these practices, causing the genre to lose its cultural substance. By considering the fusion of tango, jazz, and classical genres and incorporating a cross-cultural analysis, this thesis aims to illuminate the basis of Piazzolla?s performance practices. It seeks to identify the yeites (tango instrumental techniques) that define nuevo tango and to suggest ways that the modern performer can incorporate these stylistic features to produce culturally informed interpretations of Piazzolla?s works. This study focuses on the practices of Piazzolla?s second Quinteto, at the pinnacle of his career, and emphasizes a gestural analysis of the yeites to produce a well-grounded concept of nuevo tango sound. This study concludes that, even though Piazzolla?s compositions represented a fusion of genres, the performance practices (and specifically the gestures) of the second Quinteto are primarily associated with the tango traditions of previous eras. Such gestures embody Piazzolla?s music and thus allow contemporary performers to recreate the evocative and persuasive characteristics of nuevo tango practices today.

La présente thèse se propose de comprendre la production musicale d’Astor Piazzolla, notamment la façon particulière dont le compositeur réalise le dialogue entre musique populaire urbaine et musique savante. Pour ce faire, nous avons repéré quatre courants musicaux principaux dont il a été possible de tracer les origines dans son œuvre : le tango, base structurelle de sa musique, le jazz, la musique baroque et la musique savante moderne. Après avoir montré leur présence dans la première partie, nous procédons à l’analyse de l’articulation particulière de ces éléments dans la deuxième. Certains traits du tango semblent privilégiés dans ce métissage, en constituant des éléments de base repérables principalement par des gestes mélodiques, des modèles d’accompagnement et des timbres caractéristiques très fréquemment employés, qui assurent aussi bien la cohésion et l’unité musicale que l’identité du genre urbain argentin. Cette fusion musicale utilise à de nombreuses reprises des caractéristiques communes des musiques métissées comme stratégie de réussite de l’alliage musical ; on constate dans certains passages un subtil et soigneux dosage des ingrédients musicaux utilisés. Le discours du compositeur, analysé au dernier chapitre, nous a permis en outre de dégager trois aspects de ce rapport entre populaire et savant : la recherche d’une identité, en produisant une musique qui représente la ville de Buenos Aires et l’Argentine ; un rapport aux avant-gardes modernistes, en cherchant à exprimer l’ère de son temps et à symboliser la nouveauté à travers une musique moderne ; la recherche d’une légitimité, apparue notamment sous l’expression de l’« élévation » du tango. / The aim of the present thesis is to understand the musical production of Piazzolla, especially the particular dialogue between popular and art music in his work. To do so, we located four main musical streams which origins were possible to trace: the tango, structural basis of his music, the jazz, the baroque music and the modern art music. Having shown their presence in the first part, we proceed to the analysis of the particular articulation of these elements in the second one. Certain features of the tango seem favored in this junction, constituting the basic elements mainly through the presence of melodic gestures, accompaniment models and characteristic timbres very frequently used, which assure the cohesion and musical unity as well as the identity of the Argentine urban genre. On numerous occasions, his fusion employs common characteristics of the several music crossed as a strategy for reaching the musical jointure; we also noticed in certain passages a subtle and careful dosage of the musical ingredients used. The speech of the composer analyzed in the last chapter still allowed us to identify three aspects of this relationship between popular and art music: the search for an identity, by producing a music which represents the city of Buenos Aires and Argentina; a relationship with the modernist avant-gardes, in an attempt to express the present time and to symbolize the novelty through a modern music; and the quest for legitimacy, appeared notably under the expression of the "rise" of the tango.