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Estudo de elementos Galluhop e Cr1-like nos genomas de avesBertocchi, Natasha Avila 04 April 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-04-04 / Elementos transponíveis (TEs, do inglês Transposable Elements) são sequências que possuem a particularidade de se mobilizar dentro e entre genomas, estando presentes ubiquamente nos organismos e distribuídos por todos os ramos da árvore da vida. Os TEs influenciam os genomas hospedeiros de diferentes maneiras tendo um papel fundamental na evolução dos mesmos. São classificados em duas grandes classes, com base no seu intermediário de transposição: Classe I (retrotransposons) se transpõe via RNA, Classe II (transposons) se movem via DNA. Em aves, o conhecimento sobre elementos transponíveis ainda é muito insipiente, restringindo-se a poucos genomas sequenciados, principalmente o de Gallus gallus. Neste trabalho foram estudados dois tipos distintos de TEs: galluhop - elemento de Classe II, pertencente à superfamília mariner/Tc1, e CR1 - elemento de Classe I, ordem conhecida como LINE (do inglês Long Interspersed Nuclear Element), pertencente à superfamília CR1. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram caracterizar a história evolutiva das seqüências de homólogas de galluhop encontradas em genomas disponíveis de aves e, também, caracterizar a distribuição cromossômica de CR1-like em genomas de aves Piciformes (pica-paus). No primeiro capítulo, através de análises in silico, foi possível estimar a diversidade de cópias, as características estruturais e funcionais, a distribuição descontinua na linhagem aviária, a descrição de uma nova subfamília para família mariner e sugerir um evento de transferência horizontal do elemento galluhop. Destacamos nesta abordagem o primeiro registro de uma possível transferência horizontal de elemento transponível entre aves, e a nova subfamília Gallus restrita, até o momento, a elementos galluhop encontrados em aves. No segundo capítulo, mostramos por meio da técnica de FISH, a distribuição cromossômica de um mesmo elemento transponível, CR1-E-like, em diferentes genomas de aves, evidenciando padrão de distribuição muito diferente em cada genoma, mesmo entre espécies do mesmo gênero. / Transposable Elements (TEs) are sequences that have the particularity of mobilizing within and between genomes, being ubiquitously present in organisms and distributed throughout the branches of the tree of life. TEs influence host genomes in different ways and play a key role in their evolution. They are classified into two major classes, based on their transposition intermediary: Class I (retrotransposons) transposes via RNA, Class II (transposons) move through DNA. In birds, the knowledge about transposable elements is still very insipient, being restricted to a few genomes sequenced, mainly the one of Gallus gallus. In this work two distinct types of TEs were studied: galluhop - element of Class II, belonging to the superfamily mariner / Tc1, and CR1 - element of Class I, order known as LINE (of the English Long Interspersed Nuclear Element), belonging to the superfamily CR1. The objectives of this work were to characterize the evolutionary history of galluhop homolog sequences found in avian available genomes and also to characterize the chromosomal distribution of CR1-like in genomes of woodpeckers. In the first chapter, through in silico analysis, it was possible to estimate the diversity of copies, the structural and functional characteristics, the discontinuous distribution in the avian line, the description of a new subfamily for the mariner family and to suggest a horizontal transfer event of the galluhop element . We highlight in this approach the first record of a possible horizontal transfer of transposable element between birds, and the new Gallus subfamily restricted, until now, to galluhop elements found in birds. In the second chapter, we show through the FISH technique the chromosomal distribution of the same transposable element, CR1-E-like, in different bird genomes, showing a very different distribution pattern in each genome, even among species of the same genus.
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Analýza obchodu s vybranými druhy z řádů Coraciiformes, Musophagiformes, Columbiformes a Piciformes / Analysis of Trade with selected species of Coraciiformes, Musophagiformes, Columbiformes and PiciformesZÁHOROVÁ, Lucie January 2018 (has links)
International trade in fauna and flora is curently considered as one of the greatest threats to populations of many wildlife species. According to available information, some species are declining mainly due to persecution by people for meat or for trade. Illegal trade is increasing as well. Its yearly turnover is estimated to be in the order of billions of US dollars. This diploma theses analyzes the international trade with selected bird species under the CITES Convention - Asian hornbills, African turacos, South American tukans and arassari, and pigeons and doves during the period from 1990 till 2015. Although the CITES Convention has proven to contribute to protecting biodiversity and protecting endangered species by monitoring and regulating the trade with them, it has its limitations and shortcomings. These are described in this diploma thesis on the example of some specific cases.
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