Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-03-20T12:17:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 2739140 bytes, checksum: 009cb3705c3ac6a28927493419d88e0c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-20T14:06:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 2739140 bytes, checksum: 009cb3705c3ac6a28927493419d88e0c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T14:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 2739140 bytes, checksum: 009cb3705c3ac6a28927493419d88e0c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this dissertation, we first state Euler's polyhedral formula for a set of points with Euler characteristic 2. We address the two known ways to prove Euler's Theorem: beginning with the classical proof by using Euclidian Geometry and afterwards we take the advantage of Spherical Geometry to give another proof. Furthermore, we address a version of Euler's formula for planar polyhedron, as well as, Pick's formula and the equivalence between Euler and Pick's formula. In the end, we provide application of Euler and Pick's formula, via two pedagogy tools Geoplano and GeoGebra, by giving examples to teach in classroom. / Esta dissertação trata inicialmente da Fórmula de Euler e de sua validade para os conjuntos de pontos com característica de Euler igual a 2. São feitas duas demonstrações da Fórmula de Euler, uma utilizando conceitos de Geometria Euclidiana e uma outra via Geometria Esférica, além da apresentação de uma versão para poliedros planos da Fórmula de Euler. Posteriormente, é apresentada a Fórmula de Pick para o cálculo de áreas de polígonos simples reticulados e sua relação de equivalência com a Fórmula de Pick para poliedros planos. Finalmente mostramos duas possibilidades de trabalho com a Fórmula de Pick, no Geoplano e no software GeoGebra.

Lattices are an easy and clean class of periodic arrangements that are not only discrete but associated with algebraic structures. We will specifically discuss applying lattices theory to computing the area of polygons in the plane and some optimization problems. This thesis will details information about Pick's Theorem and the higher-dimensional cases of Ehrhart Theory. Closely related to Pick's Theorem and Ehrhart Theory is the Frobenius Problem and Integer Knapsack Problem. Both of these problems have higher-dimension applications, where the difficulties are similar to those of Pick's Theorem and Ehrhart Theory. We will directly relate these problems to optimization problems and operations research.

Chapter 1 presents the definitions and basic properties of trigonometric functions including: Sum Identities, Difference Identities, Product-Sum Identities and Sum-Product Identities. These formulas provide effective tools to solve the problems in trigonometry. Chapter 2 handles the most important two theorems in trigonometry: The laws of sines and cosines and show how they can be applied to derive many well known theorems including: Ptolemy¡¦s theorem, Euler Triangle Formula, Ceva¡¦s theorem, Menelaus¡¦s Theorem, Parallelogram Law, Stewart¡¦s theorem and Brahmagupta¡¦s Formula. Moreover, the formulas of computing a triangle area like Heron¡¦s formula and Pick¡¦s theorem are also discussed. Chapter 3 deals with the method of superposition, inverse trigonometric functions, polar forms and De Moivre¡¦s Theorem.