This master's thesis deals with the Weight in Motion systems (WIM). The main goal is to create simulation software that detects dual tires assembly with respect to the angle with which the sensor is embedded into the road. Thesis also contains literature search of available solutions of weighing systems and the sensors which are used in these systems. Subsequently, the thesis contains software for recognizing simple assembly or dual tires assembly from real measured data. Software solutions were developed using programming language Python v3.7. All source codes were developed in PyCharm Community Edition 2020.

No / Injection moulding techniques have been miniaturised and refined to achieve micromoulding which aims to satisfy the need for mass production of low-cost micro- and nanoscale components. However, the microscale mould cavity features and extreme processing conditions which are inherent in the process can result in larger process variations than conventional injection moulding, with a corresponding increase in the probability of producing an unsatisfactory product. Accurate process diagnosis is required to ensure process reliability but integration of sensors onto the small and highly detailed mould units can be problematic and alternatives may need to be sought. Piezoelectric film ultrasonic transducers were integrated onto the extrusion barrel and mould insert of a micromoulding machine for real-time, non-destructive and non-intrusive process diagnosis with an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. Polymer degradation owing to excessive heating at the extrusion barrel was successfully probed by measuring the ultrasonic velocities in the polymer at the mould insert. Filling incompleteness of the mould cavity was also sensitively detected by monitoring the ultrasonic energy variation transmitted into the part at different points along the melt flow length. The developed ultrasonic sensors and technique enable optimisation and in-process quality assurance of the moulded parts which ensures that maximum process efficiency can be achieved.

Ces travaux concerne le développement de capteurs/effecteurs piézoélectrique et pyroélectrique de faible diamètre intégrable dans des structures textiles par exemple les tissus, ce qui permet soit d’avoir différentes informations sur le comportement mécanique et de température de ces structures (piézoélectricité directe) ou bien de changer les propriétés mécaniques de ces structures (piézoélectricité inverse), ce qui permettrait d’avoir des tissus à contention variable.A ce jour, sur le marché il n’existe pas de capteurs/effecteurs filamentaires piézoélectriques et/ou pyroélectriques flexibles de faibles diamètres intégrables dans les structures textiles. Les instrumentations des structures textiles qui existent se font par le biais de filaments résistifs agissant comme résistances entrecroisées qui permettent seulement d’avoir une information sur la localisation d’une pression sur ces structures textiles. Le but ces travaux est de remédier aux inconvénients des procédés connus ci-dessus. Ce but est atteint grâce à la fabrication de câbles filamentaires à l’aide d’un procédé de filage par voie fondue.Ces composites filamentaires sont caractérisé puis polariser avant de les introduire dans différents textiles par exemple les tissus, ce qui permet soit d’avoir différentes informations sur le comportement mécanique et de température de ces structures (capteurs de déformations et de température) ou bien de changer leurs propriétés mécaniques (effecteurs).Ces travaux ont été brevetés par la cellule Conectus Alsace et ils ont été sélectionnés pour le second prix International Théophile Legrand de l’innovation textile 2012. / The objective of this work is the development of composite filaments with piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. These composite filaments will be used as sensors or effectors into textile structures (e.g weaving structures). The instrumentation of textile structures with piezoelectric composite filaments (sensors) will give information about the deformations of these structures when they are submitted to stresses. If we focus on the pyroelectric properties, this integration will allow detection of temperature variation of the operating environment. By using inverse piezoelectricity (effectors), we could change mechanical properties of textiles structures. The decision to develop this type of composites filaments was take due to the literature review which shows that composite filamentous sensors or effectors does not exist commercially. The objective of this work was achieved through the development of ferroelectric composite filament by using a melt spinning process. These composite was constituted by a portion of ferroelectric copolymer P(VDF-TrFE), an inner conductive core acting as an inner electrode and an outer conductive layer serving as an outer electrode These composite filaments were characterized with mechanical and rheological tests before being polarized by an alternating field. Then we integrate them into weaving structures using an industrial weaving machine. The result of the stressing of this structure was a variation of the field across the composite electrodes This work has been patented with the help of Conectus Alsace and it was selected for the second International Award Théophile Legrand for Textile Innovation 2012.

[pt] Os sensores de deformação convencionais, por exemplo, os strain gages resistivos e ópticos, consagrados pelo mercado, são empregados em diferentes ambientes e estruturas, oferecendo um nível de flexibilidade que permite sua integração a vários tipos de sistemas de medição. No entanto, requerem uma fonte de energia elétrica local ou não podem funcionar sem cabos, limitando o seu uso em alguns cenários, como em partes móveis de máquinas. Os dispositivos SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) podem ser usados como sensores de deformação piezoelétricos, pois possuem sensibilidade à deformação e podem operar de forma passiva por meio de antenas, podendo ser integrados a sistemas de monitoramento sem fio. Seu funcionamento é baseado em ondas de superfície geradas em um meio piezoelétrico. O estado de tensão na superfície do meio altera as características dessas ondas e induz mudanças na frequência de operação. O presente trabalho analisou a sensibilidade à deformação de dispositivos SAW ressonadores feitos de quartzo ST-X com frequência central de 433,92 MHz colados com diferentes adesivos, e testou sua operação como sensores passivos sem fio. A metodologia incluiu testes de tração não destrutivos em diferentes temperaturas e também simulações com elementos finitos. Os resultados experimentais mostraram relação linear entre a variação de frequência dos ressonadores e as deformações aplicadas, concordando com a literatura. A interrogação sem fio foi bem sucedida, confirmando o grande potencial dessa tecnologia. Os resultados numéricos, combinados a um modelo teórico, foram próximos aos experimentais, validando o modelo numérico. / [en] The conventional strain sensors, e.g., resistive and optical strain gages, established in the market, are deployed in different environments and structures, providing the flexibility of integration with different measurement systems. However, they require a local energy source to work or cables, limiting their use in some scenarios such as moving parts of machines. The SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) devices can be used as piezoelectric strain sensors since they have sensitivity to strain, can operate passively by antennas and can be integrated to wireless monitoring systems. Its working principle is based on surface acoustic waves generated on piezolectric medium. The stress state of the medium changes the characteristics of these waves and induces changes in the operating frequency. The present work analyzed the strain sensitivity of SAW resonators made of ST-X cut quartz operating at a central frequency of 433,92 MHz, bonded with different adhesives, and tested their operation as passive wirelesss sensors. The methodology included non-destructive tensile testing at different temperature, and also finite elements simulations. The experimental results showed linear relation between the frequency change and the applied strain, agreeing with the literature. The wireless interrogations was successful, confirming the great potential of this technology. The numerical results, combined to a theoretical model, matched well the experiments, validating the model.

The main objective of the presented thesis is to contribute to the development of diagnostic methods for piezoelectric sensor testing. The thesis describes the methods for piezoelectric sensors microcracks identification and diagnostics. The core of the thesis presents the development of a knock sensor prototype, design of suitable methods for the knock sensors diagnosis and evaluation of developed methods with focus on detection of microcracks in the sensor piezoceramic. The last part of the thesis deals with the influence of cracks and splits on the measured data from the piezoelectric transducer. The presented methods are focusing on impedance measurements and sensors frequency response measurements. Known properties of used piezoelectric material as an information source for measurement and diagnosis are provided. The main result of the work is the evaluation of the methods developed for the piezoelectric sensors self-diagnosis.