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The study was done in the department of La Paz, providence of Ingavi in the community of Letanias (16° 39’ 15” S; 69° 60’ 18” W), in the Benson Institute building, located 3 kilometers from Viacha. The objectives were: to evaluate the growth and increase in weight and consumption of food in Guinea pig male and females under the effect of diets with different levels of barley sprout in the phases of growth; to determine the nutritional conversion; to determine the optimal level of use of the barley sprouts in the basic feeding of Guinea pigs; and to evaluate the results of the diets from the point of view of its economic efficiency. The diets utilized were isoprotein and isoenergetic and consisted of the following: D l (34% H. alfalfa + 33% P. barley + 33% bran), D-2 (45%H. alfalfa + 25% sprout + 14% P. barley + 16% bran), D-3 (35% H. alfalfa + 50% sprout + 12% P. barley + 3% bran), D-4 (22% H. alfalfa + 75% sprout + 2% P. barley + 1% bran). The design that I used was completely random with factorial arrangement, with four repetitions, taking into account 64 animals 32 male and 32 females. I analyzed the variables with the statistical package MSTATC obtaining the following results.- The analysis of variance obtained for the gaining and increasing of weight, I present differences in the phases of evaluation (sixth and eleventh week). Being D-2 the diet that presents greater weight with referring to the diets D l, D-2 and D-3. The consumption of food was greater in the diet D-2, showing greater flexibility than the diets D-2, D-3 and D-l. Analyzing the nutritional conversion index, weight, and economic relation it is concluded that the diet D-2 with 25% of barley sprout is the one that achieves the best behavior, achieving a good use of the goods that farmers have and the cost of feed is attainable for the producer. Barley sprouts can be an alternative feed for the guinea pig always as long as administered in low levels.

The cost of feeding has been pointed out as the most trascendet investment inside a guinea-pig production. The present work carries out with the purpose to determine and to quantify feeding costs, total costs of production and profitability of Tamborada and MEJOCUY guinea-pig populations. In the stage of suckling period, breed and gestation, experimental station and field. The result of feeding cost was 0.05 and 0.03 $US in suckling period (14 days) for Tamborada and MEJOCUY population, in breeding (42 days) it was 0.14 $US in both populations and in gestation (67 days), it was 0.42 and 0.40 $US. In field for breeding it was 0.07 $US and in gestation it was 0.11 $US. According to the Feeding cost, the MEJOCUY population has bigger technical profitability than Tamborada, the results show a positive and high utility that indicates that the upbringing of guinea pigs is profitable.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of Acid Buf™ at 4g.k–1 g to a maize-soya bean diet in both pelleted and meal form, on the occurrence of stomach ulcers, performance parameters, carcass characteristics and histological parameters of the small intestine of growing finisher pigs. The trail was done on 320 growing finisher pigs fed for 8 weeks. The four treatments (Tr) were as follows: Tr1 – pelleted, Tr2 – meal, Tr3- pelleted with Acid Buf™ at 4g.kg-1, Tr4 –meal with Acid Buf™ at 4g.kg-1. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed for cumulative feed intake between the different treatments. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed significant differences with the pigs on the meal diet faring significantly (P<0.05) worse than those the pelleted diet containing Acid Buf™. The average daily gain (ADG) on Tr3 was significantly better (P<0.05) than those on the meal diets. Overall the performance parameters showed a positive response to the inclusion of Acid Buf™. With regards to changes in the intestinal pH, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed between the different treatments for pH in the stomach, duodenum and colon. The pH in the stomach was closest to optimal with Tr3m and Tr4. The pH in the duodenum was highest and closest to optimum with Tr4. Scoring of stomachs revealed that the highest percentage of normal stomachs was found in pigs on Tr4, with 64.1% of the stomachs being normal,57.1% was the second highest percentage of normal stomachs and was found with Tr3, pelleted with AB. Carcass scoring showed no significant differences (P>0.05) between the different treatments. The mean villi height to crypt depth ratio (VH: CD) in the jejunum showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between Tr1 and Tr3. The pigs on the pelleted diet had VH: CD of 0.89 while those on the pelleted diet with AB a VH: CD of 1.28. The average villi height measured in both the duodenum and the jejunum was higher in both of the pelleted diets compared to the meal diet and the meal with AB diet. The results of the different experiments conducted to evaluate the effect of AB all showed improved results with the inclusion of AB to the diet. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van die insluiting van Acid Buf™(AB) teen 4g.kg-1 in 'n mielie-sojaboondieët in beide verpilde- en meelvorm, op die voorkoms van maagsere, groei parameters, karkaseienskappe en histologiese parameters van die dunderm in groeivarke te bepaal. Die studie is vir agt weke op 320 groei varke uitgevoeroor. Die vier behandelings (Tr) was soosvolg: Tr1 - verpil, Tr2 - meel, tr3- verpil met Acid Buf™ teen 0,4% ingesluit, Tr4 – meel metAcid Buf™ teen 0,4% ingesluit. Daar was geen beduidende verskille (P> 0.05) in die kumulatiewe voerinname tussen die verskillende behandelings waargeneem nie. Voeromsetverhouding (VOV) op die meel diet (Tr4) het beduidend swakker gevaar (P<0.05) as die varke op Tr3. Die gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT) van die varke op Tr3 was aansienlik beter (P<0.05) as die van die varke op Tr2. Met betrekking tot die pH van die spysverteringskanaal was daar beduidende verskille (P>0.05) opgemerk tussen die verskillende behandelings vir pH in die maag, duodenum en kolon. Die pH in die maag was die laagste en naaste aanoptimaal vir die AB dïete . Die pH in die duodenum was die hoogste en naaste aan optimaal met Tr4. Gradering van die mae toon die hoogste persentasie van normale, met 64.1 % van die mae met Tr4 normaal. Die tweede hoogste persentasie was 57.1 % normale mae en was gevind met Tr3, verpil met AB. Karkasgradering het geen beduidende verskille (P>0.05) tussen die verskillende behandlinge getoon nie. Die gemiddelde villi hoogte kryptdiepte verhouding (VH: KD) in die jejenum het beduidende verskille (P<0.05) getoon tussen Tr1 en Tr3. Die verpilde diet (Tr1) het n (VH: KD) van 0.89 getoon en Tr3, die varke op die verpilde diët met AB 1.28. Die gemiddeldie villi hoogte gemeet in beide die duodenum en jejenum was hoër in die beide die verpilde diëte as in die meel diëte. Die resultate van die verskillende eksperimente uitgevoerom die effek van AB teevalueer, toon verbetering met die insluiting van AB in die diët.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to explore proteomics and microbiome profiling in pigs fed high fibre diets. In the first phase, maize cobs were ensiled using whey, molasses and exogenous enzymes in the laboratory and effects on ensiling characteristics and fibre levels were evaluated. In the second phase South African Windsnyer-type Indigenous pigs (SAWIP) and Large White x Landrace crosses (LW x LR) were fed diets containing ensiled maize cobs and evaluated on; diet preferences, nutrient digestibility and colonic fermentation; growth performance, carcass traits and blood metabolite profiles; the faecal microbiome; and serum and liver proteomic profiles. Ensiling maize cobs with molasses, whey and exogenous enzymes did not improve fermentation characteristics but exogenous enzymes reduced fibre fractions and energy content of maize cob silages. Dets containing two levels of maize cobs ensiled without any additive; a low (LMC) and high (HMC) maize cob inclusion levels and a control diet which did not have any maize cobs (CON) were formulated. The SAWIP preferred the CON diet more than (P < 0.05) diets with maize cobs while the LW x LR had no feed preferences. There was no correlation between preference and diet digestibility in both breeds. The SAWIP digested nutrients better (P < 0.05) than the LW x LR in the high fibre diets. There were no differences in the diversity of the core composition of gut bacterial communities between the breeds and diets. There were differences in the ratios of Bacteroidia to Clostridia between the SAWIP and LW x LR. Verrucomicrobiae was present in SAWIP and LW x LR on HMC diet and not on the CON diet. There was a breed x diet interaction (P < 0.05) for Oscillospira. Analysis of the microbiome revealed breed differences and no dietary differences. There were differences in serum and liver proteins and in serum metabolite levels. Two specific proteins identified were Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase-like isoform 1 associated with creatine biosynthetic and Catalase, which is involved in cholesterol metabolic processes. At the grower stage, the SAWIP consumed more feed per metabolic body weight than the LW x LR while at the finisher stage LW x LR consumed more feed per metabolic body weight (P < 0.05) than the SAWIP. The breed of pig influenced most of the growth performance and carcass parameters more than the diet did. The SAWIP demonstrated an adaptation to high fibre diets by consuming more feed than the LW x LR per metabolic body weight at the grower stage. The inclusion of ensiled maize cobs in diets did not negatively affect selected commercial pork cuts. Analysis of faecal microbiomes revealed differences that may explain the enhanced ability of the SAWIP to digest fibrous diets better than the LW x LR breed.Proteomics can identify biomarkers that evaluate the performance of pigs consuming high fibre diets. A proof of principle to assess serum and liver protein profiles of pigs fed a a high fibre diet using a sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SDS-PAGE /MALDI MS) workflow was established. Key words: ensiling, exogenous enzymes, palatability, fermentation, fibre, metageome, biomarkers.

This study occurred during July, August, and September in the Small Animals Investigation and Production Center (CIPAM), dependent of the Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock, and Veterinary Sciences of the Technical University of Oruro, of the Central Highland of Bolivia. In order to satisfy guinea pig nutrition requirements, which are 2800.00 kcal/kg of energy, 18.00% protein, 10.00% fiber, 1.00% calcium, and 0.60% phosphorus, the following ingredients were used in feed: 11.30% yellow corn, 30.00% milled wheat [Bromus catharticus], 14.00% soy cake, 32.00% wheat bran, 9.00% alfalfa flour, 1.80% bone flour, 1.00% conchilla, 0.50% common salt, and 0.40% methionine. The effect that vitamin C deficiency causes is scurvy, with 100% mortality of guinea pigs at 28 days without green forage. This investigation was made with supplementation of canahua, wheat, and soybean sprouts in the growth stage with the object of replacing green forage in winter by presenting vitamin C. Canihua sprouts at 8 days gave a maximum of 6.28mg of vitamin C /100g of sample, and wheat sprouts at 8 days gave a maximum of 16.09mg of vitamin C/100g of sample. Soybean sprouts at 13 days reached 21.41mg of vitamin C /100g of sample, which continued to increase, but one should be warned that maintaining sprouts of this species is expensive. Rations consisted of 90.00g of sprouts plus 72.00g of feed per guinea pig, with the oral administration of 12.98mg of vitamin C in water solution per guinea pig used in the area. The reason is the improvement in guinea pig meat production with high protein content (20.30%), compared to cattle (17.50%) and sheep (14.50%), and the lower cholesterol of guinea pig (7.80%) compared to cattle (21.80%) and sheep (37.80%), and at a lower cost, with organic sprouts of high nutritional value. The canahua-soybean sprout treatment with 45% dry matter, 5.73% ash, 7.03% ether extract, 25.50% protein, 6.85% raw fiber, and 51.58% free nitrogen extract at 64 days of winter growth showed a live weight gain of 437.73g in relation to pure feed of 66.05% dry matter, 7.33% ash, 2.83% ether abstract, 19.51% raw protein, 7.52% raw fiber, and 56.46% free nitrogen extract with 359.23g. The difference is 78.50g, which is significant at 0.05 with a t-test. The result indicates that the canahua-soybean interaction is the best for live weight gain at 64 days of growth with respect to normal feed, for which the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted. The live weight gain by sex in guinea pigs at 48 and 64 days of growth was highly significant, in females from 206.67g (4.3g/day) to 303.29g (4.74g/day) and in males from 262.27g (5.46g/day) to 392.27g (6.13g/day), with differences between males and females of 55.6 and 89g. These results show that male guinea pigs generally gain more weight than females during growth, which could be commercialized in the opportune moment. The food conversion between sexes fed with the different sprouts at 64 days of growth was 9.55 in females and 7.62 in males, a difference of 1.90. Also, the sex-soybean interaction in females with soybean was 10.31 and in males with soybean 6.79, a difference of 3.52, which is significant at 0.01. Similarly, the food conversion at 64 days of treatment by canahua sprouts and a feed with 41.34% dry matter, 5.69% ash, 3.47% ether extract, 20.58% raw protein, 8.04% raw fiber, and 56.25% free nitrogen extract is 7.90. In relation to just the feed it is 9.20, with a difference of 1.30. In a t-test this is significant at 0.05. These results show that male guinea pigs eat less food and grow more than females under the same conditions. The lowest production cost was obtained with canahua-feed interaction, in females Bs4.0/guinea pig (US$0.501) and in males Bs3.9/guinea pig (US$0.488). Canahua-soybean interaction yielded Bs5.50/guinea pig (US$0.689) for females and Bs5.50/guinea pig (US$0.689) for males. Normal feed yielded Bs4.20/guinea pig (US$0.526) for females and Bs5.40/guinea pig (US$0.676) for males. (US$1 = Bs7.98). Also, there was a percentage variation for the canahua-soybean-feed interaction in females of 5.00% lower than just feed and in males 27.80% lower than just feed. These results show that it is best to use canahua sprouts plus feed because this gives the lowest costs of feeding growing guinea pigs in winter.