The master’s thesis is focused on familiarization with modern techniques and procedures of process system engineering for identification of energy savings. In this case, process system engineering is applied to the issue of heat exchanger networks and in order to save energy, their retrofit is solved here. The current network pinch method, which uses mathematical programming options, is described for the retrofit of the heat exchanger networks. The method is presented in comparison to older development methods, mainly with the PDM. In addition, the calculation procedure is also developed by this method and in the Maple software environment it is applied to the case of heat exchanger network retrofit in the process of hydrogenation refining of oil. Part of the thesis is an evaluation of the results obtained, including a discussion of the properties of the method used.

Dans un contexte de transition énergétique et numérique, L’Usine du Futur se définit commeéconome en énergie, mais aussi agile grâce à des moyens de production flexibles etreconfigurables. Conférer ces propriétés aux procédés existants est un challenge complexe quiinduit souvent une réorganisation des unités. Dans ce cadre, la méthodologie RREFlex a pourobjectif de proposer des solutions alternatives d’intégration énergétique à la fois viables, robusteset adaptables via le remodelage des réseaux d’échangeurs de chaleur déjà installés.Contrairement à la conception initiale consistant à réaliser de manière conjointe la conception duprocédé et du réseau d’échangeur de chaleur associé, l’exercice de remodelage d’unitésexistantes peut s’avérer sensiblement plus complexe. En effet, il s’inscrit souvent dans unedémarche d’amélioration continue sur des installations ayant déjà connu au cours de leur vie destransformations pour faire face aux évolutions de la demande ou à de nouvelles contraintesenvironnementales. Aujourd’hui, nombre d’analyses de récupération énergétique sont réaliséessur les sites industriels mais celles-ci ne donnent pas nécessairement lieu à des réalisationsconcrètes. Les raisons le plus souvent invoquées sont d’ordre financières mais aussi, pratiques.En effet, les solutions proposées ne sont pas toujours réalistes d’un point de vue opérationnellecar elles tiennent rarement compte de la variabilité du procédé, soit due à des perturbations nonmaitrisées sur les températures et les débits, soit due à la présence de multiples points defonctionnement (changement de campagne, évolution de la charge, etc.). De plus, ces solutionstiennent peu compte des contraintes spécifiques du site étudié (topologie des unités, compatibilitédes courants, sécurité, etc.), la formulation a priori de ces dernières ne pouvant être exhaustive.L’outil RREFlex - outil Robuste pour la synthèse de Réseaux d’Echangeurs Flexibles - a étédéveloppée pour pallier autant que possible ces limites. S’appuyant sur une analyse statistiquedes historiques de mesures remontés en salle de contrôle, un premier module - EDiFy : EnhancedData collection for Flexibility analysis - permet de localiser et de caractériser les différents cas demarche des unités. Notamment, la valeur moyenne et la variance des données caractéristiques duprocédé (températures, flux calorifiques) sont estimées pour chaque cas de marche. Ce jeu dedonnées étant souvent incomplet, il est nécessaire d’avoir recours à un modèle de simulation duprocédé pour le compléter et valider la cohérence des données mesurées pour chaque cas demarche potentiellement identifié. Sur cette base, une seconde étape dédiée au diagnosticénergétique permet d’évaluer la pertinence des échangeurs de récupération déjà installés. Cetteanalyse permet d’identifier et de prioriser un ensemble de scenarii de remodelage considéréscomme prometteurs. Chacun d’eux est défini par la liste des échangeurs à reconsidérer et uncertain nombre de paramètres de configuration. Chaque scenario retenu est alors exploité pour lasynthèse du réseau d’échangeurs associé. Cette étape s’appuie sur un modèle de programmationlinéaire mixte multi-période (PLM) pour déterminer la nouvelle topologie du réseau d’échangeurs.Dans ce cadre, le modèle a évidemment la possibilité d’introduire de nouveaux échangeurs maisaussi de déplacer les échangeurs existants et conservés dans un scénario donné, tant qu’ilscouplent la même paire de courant qu’initialement. Les réseaux obtenus sont donc adaptables auxdifférents cas de marche identifiés à la première étape et reconfigurable grâce à l’implantation deby-pass. Le panel de réseaux proposés est enfin évalué et classé au moyen d’indicateurs deperformance, dont notamment la robustesse vis-à-vis de la variabilité du procédé. L’approche aété validée sur deux sites de dimension industrielle: un procédé de fabrication de MVC et un trainde préchauffe de pétrole brut / In a context of numerical and energy transition, the Factory of the Future is meant to be moreenergy efficient but also smarter and agile through the use of flexible and reconfigurableproduction means. Enabling existing processes to achieve those properties is a difficult challengewhich often induces a reorganization of the units. In this context, RREFlex methodology wasdeveloped to provide several alternatives heat integration solutions both viable, robust andadaptable through the retrofitting of existing heat exchanger networks. Unlike grass-root design,which consists in designing both the process and the heat exchanger network at the same time(and thus, allowing many possibilities), retrofitting existing units can be a lot more complex.Indeed, as part of a continuous improvement process of the production, the plants have oftenalready undergone transformations during their life to cope with changes in demand or newenvironmental constraints. Currently, numerous energy recovery analysis are performed onindustrial sites but do not necessarily involves concrete industrial measures. The main reasons forthe lack of results are mainly financial but also practical. The provided solutions are often nonrealistic in terms of operability because of the lack of accounting for the variability of the process,whether due to external disturbances on temperatures and flowrates or due to multiple operatingconditions (many production campaigns, evolution in process load, etc.). Moreover, thosesolutions also do not take on-site constraints into account (units topology, process streamscompatibility, safety, etc.), as it is difficult to apprehend such constraints. The RREFlex module(Robust software tool for the synthesis of Flexible Heat Exchanger Networks), was developed toassess these issues. Based on a statistical analysis of historical data extracted from on-sitemeasurements, a first module - EDiFy : Enhanced Data collection for Flexibility analysis – enablesthe location and characterization of the multiple steady state regimes. The mean value andvariance of operating conditions characterizing the process (e.g. temperature, heat flow) areestimated for each steady state. As this data set is usually incomplete, it is necessary to use asimulation model of the process to complete and validate the consistency of the measurements ofeach identified steady state.Based upon those data, an energy diagnosis step enables the assessment of each existing heatexchanger liability. This analysis results in the identification and classification of several promisingretrofitting scenarios. Each one is defined by a list of heat exchangers to reconsider and severalconfiguration parameters.Each selected scenario is then used to design the corresponding optimal heat exchanger network.The latter step, which is based on a multi-period mixed linear programming model, aims at thedesign of a new heat exchanger network topology. In this context, the model includes not only thepossibility to add new heat exchangers but also to shift the preserved heat exchangers for a givenscenario, as long as the original pair of streams is kept. The resulting heat exchanger networksare thus adaptable to every operating conditions identified in the first step of the methodology butalso reconfigurable through the use of by-passes. The performances of the resulting networks areevaluated and classified using key performance indicators, especially the robustness which iscrucial to account for the process variability.The approach was validated on two industrial scale case studies: a MVC production process and arefinery heating train.

Dans la perspective du présent scénario énergétique, ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie qui associe la méthode du pincement à l’analyse exergétique de manière à dépasser leurs limitations individuelles aboutissant à une conception améliorée aux deux niveaux : paramètres opératoires et topologie. Une méthodologie globale, consistant à hybrider les deux méthodes thermodynamiques dans une approche entrelacée avec des règles heuristiques et une optimisation numérique, est donc évoquée. À l'aide de nouveaux critères d'optimisation basés sur l’exergie, l'analyse exergétique est utilisée non seulement pour évaluer les pertes d’exergie mais également pour guider les améliorations potentielles des conditions de fonctionnement et de structure des procédés industriels. En plus, au lieu de considérer uniquement l’intégration de la chaleur pour satisfaire des besoins existants, la méthodologie proposée étend la méthode de pincement pour inclure d’autres formes d’exergie récupérables et exploiter de nouvelles voies de synergie via des systèmes de conversion. Après avoir présenté les lignes directrices de la méthodologie proposée, l’approche est démontrée sur deux systèmes industriels, un procédé d’hydrotraitement de gasoil sous vide et un procédé de liquéfaction de gaz naturel. L’application du cadre méthodologique à des processus réalistes a montré comment ajuster les conditions opératoires de chaque procédé et comment mettre en œuvre des systèmes de conversion générant des économies d’énergie substantielles. / In the perspective of the prevailing and alarming energy scene, this doctoral work puts forward a methodology that couples pinch and exergy analysis in a way to surpass their individual limitations in the aim of generating optimal operating conditions and topology for industrial processes. A global methodology, a hybrid of the two thermodynamic methods in an intertwined approach with heuristic rules and numerical optimization, is therefore evoked. Using new optimizing exergy-based criteria, exergy analysis is used not only to assess the exergy losses but also to guide the potential improvements in industrial processes structure and operating conditions. And while pinch analysis considers only heat integration to satisfy existent needs, the proposed methodology allows including other forms of recoverable exergy and explores new synergy pathways through conversion systems. After exhibiting the guidelines of the proposed methodology, the entire approach is demonstrated on two industrial systems, a vacuum gasoil hydrotreating process and a natural gas liquefaction process. The application of the methodological framework on realistic processes demonstrated how to adjust each process operating conditions and how to implement conversion systems ensuing substantial energy savings.

The dissertation investigates the issues of efficient energy use in building engineering systems possibilities by applying processes integration. Indoor climate formation systems are indicated as signally energy use building engineering systems. Traditional methods for evaluation of heat transfer in heat exchangers tender limited solutions for efficiency use of energy in them. The main object of dissertation is to evaluate processes integration method application possibilities for determination and improving of public buildings engineering systems. The dissertation also focuses on combine the possibilities of processes integration in building engineering systems with minimizing exergy streams in the systems. The paper approaches a few major tasks: determination of problematic building engineering systems, equipment and processes by viewpoint of energy efficiency, analysis of ventilation design solutions, creation of algorithm for exergy input minimizing in building engineering systems processes by combination of thermodynamical and Pinch analysis methods. The dissertation consists of four parts including Introduction, 4 chapters, Conclusions and References. The introduction reveals the investigated problem, importance of the thesis and the object of research and describes the purpose and tasks of the paper, research methodology, scientific novelty, the practical significance of results examined in the paper and defended statements. The introduction ends in presenting the... [to full text] / Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos procesų integracijos metodo taikymo galimybės sprendžiant efektyvaus energijos vartojimo pastatų inžinerinėse sistemose problemas. Tarp pastato inžinerinių sistemų darbe išskiriamos ženkliau energiją naudojančios, mikroklimatą pastatuose formuojančios sistemos. Klasikiniai tyrimo metodai, skirti šilumos mainams šilumokaičiuose, kurie atlieka šilumos perdavimo funkciją, nagrinėti pateikia gana ribotus sprendinius, kaip efektyviai naudoti energiją juose. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – įvertinti procesų integravimo metodo taikymo galimybes viešųjų pastatų inžinerinių sistemų termodinaminiam efektyvumui nustatyti ir gerinti. Disertacijoje taip pat siekiama derinti procesų integracijos galimybes inžinerinėse sistemose siekiant minimizuoti eksergijos srautus jose. Darbe sprendžiami keli pagrindiniai uždaviniai: probleminių, energinio efektyvumo požiūriu, pastato inžinerinių sistemų, įrenginių ir procesų jose nustatymas, vėdinimo sistemų projektinių sprendimų ypatybių nustatymas, algoritmo, skirto procesų eksergijos sąnaudoms mažinti pastato inžinerinėse sistemose sudarymas derinant termodinaminės ir Pinch analizės metodus. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autorės publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai. Įvadiniame skyriuje aptariama tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, aprašomas tyrimų objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašoma tyrimų metodika, darbo mokslinis naujumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos procesų integracijos metodo taikymo galimybės sprendžiant efektyvaus energijos vartojimo pastatų inžinerinėse sistemose problemas. Tarp pastato inžinerinių sistemų darbe išskiriamos ženkliau energiją naudojančios, mikroklimatą pastatuose formuojančios sistemos. Klasikiniai tyrimo metodai, skirti šilumos mainams šilumokaičiuose, kurie atlieka šilumos perdavimo funkciją, nagrinėti pateikia gana ribotus sprendinius, kaip efektyviai naudoti energiją juose. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – įvertinti procesų integravimo metodo taikymo galimybes viešųjų pastatų inžinerinių sistemų termodinaminiam efektyvumui nustatyti ir gerinti. Disertacijoje taip pat siekiama derinti procesų integracijos galimybes inžinerinėse sistemose siekiant minimizuoti eksergijos srautus jose. Darbe sprendžiami keli pagrindiniai uždaviniai: probleminių, energinio efektyvumo požiūriu, pastato inžinerinių sistemų, įrenginių ir procesų jose nustatymas, vėdinimo sistemų projektinių sprendimų ypatybių nustatymas, algoritmo, skirto procesų eksergijos sąnaudoms mažinti pastato inžinerinėse sistemose sudarymas derinant termodinaminės ir Pinch analizės metodus. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autorės publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai. Įvadiniame skyriuje aptariama tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, aprašomas tyrimų objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašoma tyrimų metodika, darbo mokslinis naujumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The dissertation investigates the issues of efficient energy use in building engineering systems possibilities by applying processes integration. Indoor climate formation systems are indicated as signally energy use building engineering systems. Traditional methods for evaluation of heat transfer in heat exchangers tender limited solutions for efficiency use of energy in them. The main object of dissertation is to evaluate processes integration method application possibilities for determination and improving of public buildings engineering systems. The dissertation also focuses on combine the possibilities of processes integration in building engineering systems with minimizing exergy streams in the systems. The paper approaches a few major tasks: determination of problematic building engineering systems, equipment and processes by viewpoint of energy efficiency, analysis of ventilation design solutions, creation of algorithm for exergy input minimizing in building engineering systems processes by combination of thermodynamical and Pinch analysis methods. The dissertation consists of four parts including Introduction, 4 chapters, Conclusions and References. The introduction reveals the investigated problem, importance of the thesis and the object of research and describes the purpose and tasks of the paper, research methodology, scientific novelty, the practical significance of results examined in the paper and defended statements. The introduction ends in presenting the... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4983.pdf: 2300350 bytes, checksum: d86b92bce6ba28c7a9e288585bab12f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The increasing concern about environmental impacts caused by human activities has led scientists to look for ways to settle the situation. As regards chemical industries, one of the main focuses of this concern is the energy saving. Over several studies down the years, the idea of Pinch technology has risen up as one of the main and most efficient techniques of energy integration so far. It is based on the division of the problem into two systems starting from Pinch point, in which retrofits and/or synthesis of heat exchanger networks are realized separately, grounded on Thermodynamics principles. Nevertheless, at times, the calculation needed for this methodology can be tedious and time consuming. For that effect, there is the need to use software s to execute faster the initial calculations that Pinch method demands, in order to make it easier the future project of heat exchanger networks. The purpose of this work was to create a computer program in Scilab® language, for application of basic principles of Pinch analysis. Five case studies were presented to illustrate and test the performance of the new program. Furthermore, some of the main properties of this technique are presented, proving to be very interesting and inspiring for the rising or new researches in the area. From this work, it can be concluded that Pinch analysis is a relatively simple and efficient way to the retrofit and synthesis of heat exchanger networks, being able to be used in the solution of a several range of problems. Thus, energy savings associated to capital savings are possible, making it easier to exist a quality deal between the environment and profitability of chemical industries. Besides, the new program implemented in Scilab® has shown up to be a really efficient tool in the application of the method, facilitating the learning of users recent presented to Pinch technology and also being useful to more experienced designers, presenting satisfactory results regarding energy optimization of processes. / A crescente preocupação com impactos ambientais causados por atividades humanas tem levado cientistas a buscar alternativas para amenizar a situação. No que se refere a indústrias químicas, um dos focos principais dessa preocupação é a economia de energia. Através de vários estudos realizados ao longo dos anos, surgiu então a ideia da tecnologia Pinch, uma das principais e mais eficientes técnicas de integração energética existente. É baseada na divisão do problema em dois sistemas através do ponto Pinch, nos quais são realizados reprojetos e/ou sínteses de Redes de Trocadores de Calor (RTC) separadamente, fundamentados em princípios da Termodinâmica. No entanto, por vezes, os cálculos necessários a essa metodologia podem ser demorados e tediosos. Por esta razão, há a necessidade do uso de softwares para efetuar mais rapidamente os cálculos iniciais do método Pinch, facilitando, então, o futuro projeto de redes de trocadores de calor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi criar um programa computacional em linguagem Scilab®, para aplicação dos princípios básicos da análise Pinch. Cinco estudos de caso foram apresentados para ilustrar e testar o desempenho do novo programa. Ademais, são apresentadas algumas das principais propriedades relativas a esta técnica, mostrando-se bastante interessantes e inspiradoras para a realização de novas pesquisas dentro da área. Através deste trabalho, conclui-se que a análise Pinch é uma maneira relativamente simples e eficaz para síntese de RTC, podendo ser utilizada para a resolução de uma vasta gama de problemas. Desta forma, é possível uma recuperação energética aliada à economia de capital, possibilitando um acordo de qualidade entre meio ambiente e lucratividade das indústrias químicas. Ademais, o programa computacional implementado em Scilab® mostrou-se uma ferramenta bastante eficiente para aplicação do método, facilitando o aprendizado da tecnologia Pinch por usuários iniciantes e também sendo útil para projetistas mais experientes, apresentando resultados satisfatórios no que se refere à otimização energética do processo.

Renewability and the carbonaceous basis of biomass provide potential for both energy and chemical production in biorefineries in a fashion similar to crude oil refineries. Biorefineries are envisaged as having a key role in the transition to a more sustainable industry, especially as a means to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A biorefinery is a concept for the flexible, efficient, cost-effective and sustainable conversion of biomass through a combination of process technologies into multiple products. This implies that biorefineries must be integrated through designs that exploit the interactions between material and energy streams. The wide range of possibilities for biomass feedstock, processes and products poses a challenge to biorefinery design. Integrating biorefineries within evolving economic and environmental policy contexts requires careful analysis of the configurations to be deployed from early in the design stage. This research therefore focuses on the application and development of methodologies for biorefinery design encompassing process integration tools, economic and environmental sustainability analyses together. The research is presented in the form of papers published or submitted to relevant peer-reviewed journals, with a preamble for each paper and a final synthesis of the work as a whole. In a first stage, mass pinch analysis was adapted into a method for integration ofbiorefineries producing bioethanol as a final product and also utilising bioethanol asa working fluid within the biorefinery. The tool allows targeting minimum bioethanol utilisation and assessing network modifications to diminish revenue losses. This new application could stimulate the emergence of similar approaches for the design of integrated biorefineries. The thesis then moves to combine feedstock production models, process simulations in Aspen Plus® and process integration with LCA, to improve energy efficiency and reduce GHG emissions of biorefineries. This work, presented via two publications covering wheat to bioethanol and Jatropha to biodiesel or green diesel, provided evidence of the benefits of biorefinery integrationfor energy saving and climate change adaptation. The multilevel modelling approach is then further integrated into a methodologydeveloped for the combined evaluation of the economic potential and GHG emissions saving of a biorefinery from the marginal performances of biorefineryproducts. The tool allows assessing process integration pathways and targeting forpolicy compliance. The tool is presented via two further publications, the first drawing analogies between value analysis and environmental impact analysis inorder to create the combined Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI)analysis methodology, the second extending this to demonstrate how the tool canguide judicious movement of environmental burdens to meet policy targets. The research embodied in this thesis forms a systematic basis for the analysis andgeneration of biorefinery process designs for enhanced sustainability. The toolspresented will facilitate both the implementation of integrated biorefinery designsand the cultivation of a community of biorefinery engineers for whom suchintegrated thinking is their distinctive and defining attribute.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Coutinho Fernandes Junior.pdf: 1216021 bytes, checksum: 140e087a28751c7c2ea0079d79d89a2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-13 / In the process of soy oil the consumption of energy is extremely high, which is always important to create new alternatives to energetic consumption reduction. This paper is carried on a case study of energetic integration in a soy oil factory operating with an average production of 15.000 tons/month. At first, the rate of flow, the input and output temperatures and the calorific capacity of all currents in the extraction phase were evaluated. After this assessment, based on the thermal potential change, four currents were selected, two denominated hot currents and two denominated cold currents. The first hot current (Q1) consists of a crude oil current from the post-separation phase of the solvent hexane with the input temperature of 110 ºC and output temperature of 80ºC. The second hot current (Q2) consists of a water current coming out of a boiler with an input temperature of 90 ºC and goes to the effluent treatment station having to be cooled to 55 ºC. These two currents have a thermal potential change of 262,8 kW/h. The third current denominated cold current F1, consists of a water current that comes from the decanter with a input temperature of 40 ºC and enters in the heater to reach an output temperature of 90 ºC, where the residual hexane is evaporated. The fourth current, denominated cold current F2, is a mixture of 70% of oil and 30% of hexane with an input temperature of 60 ºC and output temperature of 90 ºC. These two currents have a thermal necessity of 330 kW, for their heating. The synthesis methodology adopted for the heat exchangers network synthesis, due to the easiness in application and interaction with the user, was the Pinch Analysis. In the synthesis procedure, the Problem Table was developed and the Pinch Point was identified and the goals for the consumption of utilities were obtained for the maximum energy recovery. The problem was divided into two regions, below and above the Pinch Point. After the synthesis and optimization, the total cost for the network was calculated and all thermal exchange occurs above the Pinch Point . The proposed network consists of two heat exchangers and two boilers, so that a exchanger performs the thermal change between the Q1 (crude oil) and Q2 (miscela) currents. The second exchanger performs the change between Q2 (the water in the boiler exit) and F1 (water in the decanter exit) currents. The additional heating for the cold currents to reach final temperatures is provided by the boilers that are already being used in the factory. The economy generated by the reduction in the consumption of utilities was of R$ 91,000.00/year, meaning a reduction of steam consumption of 79,6% and a reduction of 5,3% in the global consumption of the plant steam. The investment needed for the two proposed heat exchangers in the network, is R$ 16.540,00. Evaluating the year total cost, that includes the annual capital cost of the exchangers, an annual reduction of R$ 114.445,00 for R$ 25.800,00 is verified corresponding to 77.5% reduction in the annual total cost after the network synthesis. The return rate for the investment proposed is only 3 months. Therefore, Pinch Analysis is confirmed to be efficient in the energetic integration of processes reaching meaningful economy results in thermal energy, contributing for the industrial processes that are more and more competitive. / No processo de fabricação de óleo de soja, o consumo de energia é extremamente alto, sendo sempre um tema de foco para criar alternativas de redução do consumo energético. Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo de caso de integração energética na etapa da extração de uma fábrica de óleo de soja operando com produção média de 15.000 toneladas/mês. Inicialmente avaliou-se as vazões, as temperaturas de entrada e saída e as capacidades caloríficas de todas as correntes da etapa de extração. Após esta avaliação, baseando-se no potencial de troca térmica, foram selecionadas quatro correntes, sendo duas delas denominadas de correntes quentes e outras duas denominadas de correntes frias. A primeira corrente quente (Q1), consiste em uma corrente de óleo bruto oriunda da etapa pós-separação do solvente hexano, com temperatura de entrada de 110 ºC e temperatura de saída de 80ºC. A segunda corrente quente (Q2), consiste em uma corrente de água que sai de um aquecedor com temperatura de entrada de 90ºC e vai para a estação de tratamento de efluentes, necessitando ser resfriada até 55 ºC. Essas duas correntes quentes têm um potencial de troca térmica de 262,8 kW/h. A terceira corrente, denominada de corrente fria F1, consiste em uma corrente de água que sai do decantador a 40 ºC, e entra no aquecedor para atingir a temperatura de saída de 90 ºC, onde hexano residual é evaporado. A quarta corrente, denominada de corrente fria F2, consiste em uma mistura de 70% óleo e 30% hexano com temperaturas de entrada de 60 ºC e de saída de 90 ºC. Essas duas correntes (F1 e F2) tem uma necessidade térmica para seu aquecimento de 330 kW. A metodologia de síntese adotada para a síntese da rede de trocadores de calor, devido à facilidade de aplicação e interação com o usuário, foi a Análise Pinch. No procedimento de síntese, inicialmente é construída a tabela do problema onde identificou-se o ponto de estrangulamento energético, ou ponto Pinch, obtendo-se assim as metas de consumo de utilidades para a máxima recuperação de energia. Após esta etapa, o problema foi dividido em duas regiões: abaixo e acima do Pinch, sendo realizada a síntese da rede. No caso estudado, toda a troca térmica ocorre na região acima do Pinch. Assim, após a síntese e otimização da rede, calculou-se o custo total anual. A rede proposta consiste em 2 trocadores de calor e dois aquecedores, sendo que um trocador realiza troca térmica entre a corrente Q1 (óleo bruto) e a corrente F2 (a miscela), e o segundo trocador realiza troca entre a corrente Q2 (água na saída do aquecedor) e a corrente F1 (água na saída do decantador). O aquecimento complementar para as correntes frias atingirem suas temperaturas finais, é provido pelos aquecedores já existentes na linha. A economia gerada pela redução de consumo de utilidades foi de R$ 91.000,00/ano, o que representa uma economia de consumo de vapor de 79,6%, acarretando uma redução de 5,3% do consumo global de vapor da planta. O investimento necessário para os dois trocadores de calor propostos na rede é de R$ 16.540,00, e avaliando-se o custo total anual, verifica-se uma redução de R$ 114.445,00 para R$ 25.800,00, correspondendo a uma redução de 77,5% no custo total anual, após a síntese da rede. A taxa de retorno para o investimento proposto é de apenas 3 meses. Desta forma, confirma-se a eficiência da Análise Pinch na integração energética de processos, atingindo resultados significativos de economia de energia térmica,contribuindo para processos industriais cada vez mais competitivos.

Rychlá globální industrializace a urbanizace kladla velkou zátěž na spotřebu přírodních zdrojů. Například nedostatek vody a znečištění vody již dlouhou dobu ovlivňují lidské životy a hospodářský rozvoj a uchýlení se k čisté sladké vodě se stává důležitým problémem. Rostoucí problémy s nepravidelným zásobováním vodou a znečištěním vody vyžadují pokročilejší metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů, které by vedly k praktickému využívání vody a hospodaření s ní. Dalším známým problémem je akumulace plastového odpadu v této možnosti, což vyvolává znepokojivé obavy ohledně dosažení optimální sítě pro zachování zdrojů, směřující k cíli oběhového hospodářství. Koncept cirkulární ekonomiky se zaměřuje nejen na ochranu zdrojů, ale také zdůrazňuje důležitost zachování a zachování životnosti aktiv. Tato práce je zaměřena na vývoj pokročilých přístupů k ochraně zdrojů a údržbě majetku Tato práce představuje rozšířenou analýzu metod založených na Pinch při zachování materiálových zdrojů pro průmyslové místo. Hlavní rozšíření zahrnují koncepční analýzu sítě pro zachování zdrojů, která zahrnuje omezení několika kvalit, cílení a syntézu záhlaví a syntézu sítě pro zachování materiálu v rámci celého webu. Tyto metody slouží uživatelům jako grafické uživatelské rozhraní k výběru preferovaných možností návrhu a zároveň zajišťují minimální spotřebu čerstvých zdrojů. Studie také rozšiřuje začlenění různých typů zdrojů, jako je teplo a voda, do ochranné sítě. Otázky řízení, jako je řízení zdrojů, dotace a rozdělování nákladů, jsou rovněž studovány pro ekologický průmysl. S ohledem na prodloužení životnosti aktiva je do této studie začleněno dlouhodobé plánování procesu nebo průmyslového areálu pokrývajícího věk majetku, odpisy a spolehlivost. Nástroje pro integraci procesů jsou navrženy tak, aby plánovaly náklady na údržbu na časové období a plánování pracovní síly. Studie je také rozšířena o další analýzu zahrnující investice do pohotovostních jednotek a technologií pro jakýkoli proces. Kombinace výkonu aktiv s ochranou zdrojů, rámce diagnostiky chyb a prognózy se aplikuje na plánování údržby majetku Total Site/Eco-industrial park.

Problémy s vodou, zejména její nedostatek a znečištění, ovlivňují každodenní lidský život a hospodářský vývoj. Globální změny klimatu zvyšují pravděpodobnost a četnost extrémních událostí jako jsou sucho a záplavy. Rostoucí problémy s nepravidelnou dostupností a znečištěním vody vyžadují pokročilejší metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů, které povedou k efektivnímu využití a hospodaření s vodou. Tato práce se zabývá rozšířenými metodikami pro hodnocení vody z pohledu její kvality a kvantity a pro hodnocení spotřeby energie a produkce emisí souvisejících s vodou. Tři hlavní metodiky jsou navrženy na základě konceptu vodní stopy (Water Footprint) a pinch analýzy vody (Water Pinch Analysis) pro posouzení kvantitativních a kvalitativních hledisek využití a spotřeby vody. Použití těchto metod je rovněž demonstrováno pomocí numerických a empirických případových studií zaměřených na hodnocení a optimalizaci využití regionálních a průmyslových vodních zdrojůDále jsou diskutovány souvislosti mezi vodou a energií (Water-Energy Nexus) za účelem analýzy problémů týkající se vody z širší perspektivy. Z pohledu vody a vodních zdrojů je provedeno počáteční zhodnocení energetické náročnosti a produkce emisí skleníkových plynů v problematice odsolování mořské vody. Výsledky prezentované v této práci navazují na současné metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů. Stopa dostupnosti vody (Water Availability Footprint) byla navržena pro zohlednění dopadu degradace kvality vody ve stávajících postupech pro posuzování nedostatku vody, ve kterých nebyla dříve řešena. Druhým přínosem této práce je návrh konceptu kvantitativní-kvalitativní vodní stopy (Quantitative-Qualitative Water Footprint - QQWFP), ve kterém je definována vodní stopa z pohledu nákladů a následně je stanovena v souvislosti s celkovými náklady na spotřebu vody a odstraňování kontaminantů, které se do vody dostávají v průběhu jejího využití. Vodní stopa založená na nákladech poskytuje výsledky, které jsou intuitivnější jak pro management vodních zdrojů tak i pro veřejnost. Tento přístup umožňuje lépe kontrolovat a řídit průmyslové a regionální využívání a správu vody. Třetím přínosem této práce je rozšíření pinch analýzy nedostatku vody (Water Scarcity Pinch Analysis - WSPA), ve které je aplikována pinch analýzy vody na makroúrovni se zaměřením na regionální hodnocení a optimalizaci zdrojů a využívání vody. Všechny tři navržené metody jsou zaměřeny na stanovení dopadů využití vody z hlediska jejího množství a kvality, analýzy QQWFP a WSPA také pokrývají dopady vícečetných kontaminantů. Kromě hledání řešení se tato práce také pokouší naznačit potenciální směry pro budoucí výzkum v dané oblasti. Mezi významná potenciální témata k diskuzi patří 1) pokročilejší metoda kvantifikace vlivu více kontaminantů a 2) implementace a analýza ekonomické proveditelnosti přístupů WSPA a QQWFP s lokalizovanými daty s cílem nalézt přizpůsobené řešení pro optimální využití regionální a průmyslové vody.