Compared to more common used austenitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels contain very low amounts of the expensive alloying element Ni. In addition, they have good corrosion properties, but are sometimes suffering from poor weldability and bad mechanical properties. This is mainly due to the presence of large grains after casting and large grain growth during heat treatment or welding. Processes for reducing the grain size (grain refining) of metal alloys are widely known and proven before to be suitable for many alloys. A successful grain refining process can increase the strength of an alloy without decreasing the ductility. This can be achieved by different methods, such as rolling or cooling. In this work, the focus has been on studying the aspect from a metallurgist point of view, to analyse the possibilities to create small particles in the liquid stage to enhance the solidification. The focus has been on oxide and nitride formation for nucleation of smaller grains during solidification. This study was made by forming particles, develop the analysis methods and thereafter to study the effect of particles on the structure of a ferritic stainless steel. The particles were formed by additions of Ti, Ce and Zr in to a liquid Fe-20mass% Cr alloy containing different amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. The electrolytic extraction technique was used to achieve a good understanding of the reaction processes and the particles size, number, composition and morphology. The grain sizes and the particles were then studied in as-cast samples as well as in specimens heat treated for 60 minutes at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C in a Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM). Also, based on Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) determinations and Thermo-Calc calculations, the precipitated particles were divided as primary and secondary particles. Thereafter, the grain refining potential was studied for each of these types. In this work, particles engineering by using small particles have been proven suitable for the Fe-20mass% Cr ferritic stainless steel alloys. Although the work has been based on small-scale samples and experiments, the results show good tendencies with respect to grain refining as well as a clear relationship between the particles in the steels and the microstructures. It was found that Ti-Ce additions in Fe-20mass% Cr alloys resulted in complex oxides including Ti, Ce and Cr. These oxides were observed to have high agglomeration tendencies and therefore to form larger particles or clusters. The grain refining potential on the solidification structure was insignificant, despite a relatively large amount of particles. However, Ti-Zr additions in Fe- 20mass% Cr alloys on the other hand resulted in primary precipitated particles such as ZrO2 and ZrO2+ZrN. Furthermore, ZrN nucleated ferrite during solidification, which lead to a clearly observed grain refining effect. This effect was also increased with an increased number of particles. The amount of particles (primary and secondary) was also found to increase with an increased amount of nitrogen. Secondary particles (mostly TiN) were precipitated near grain boundaries, which lead to a location based pinning effect of the grain growth during heat treatment at 1200 °C. This pinning effect was increased by an increased nitrogen content and thereby an increased number of particles. Finally, the pinning effect was clearly reduced during heat treatment at 1400 °C. / QC20100524

Twist plays an important role to impart tensile strength in yarn during the spinning process. In the most widely used ring-spinning machine for short staple yarn production, a combination of ring and traveler is used for inserting twist and winding the yarn on cops. The main limitation of this twisting mechanism is the friction between the ring and traveler, which generates heat at higher speed and limits the productivity. This limitation can be overcome by the implementation of a magnetic bearing system based on superconducting technology, which replaces completely the existing ring/traveler system of the ring-spinning machine. This superconducting magnet bearing consists of a circular superconductor and permanent magnet ring. After cooling the superconductor below its transition temperature, the permanent magnet ring levitates and is free to rotate above the superconductor ring according to the principles of superconducting levitation and pinning. Thus the superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) ensures a friction-free operation during spinning and allows one to increase spindle speed and productivity drastically. The yarn properties using the SMB system have also been investigated and they remain nearly identical to those of conventional ring yarns.