Regarding historical tendency and today&amp / #8217 / s future estimations, the global demand of petroleum is expected to reach a huge amount and this will be supplied by fossil fuels. Turkey&amp / #8217 / s geographic location will make it an optimum route for transportation between the energy-rich Caspian regions, and the energy-consuming nations of Europe. Therefore, the transboundary pipeline, the most efficient means of transporting large quantities of hydrocarbons across long distances over land, will gain importance and the decision of a route through Turkey is a logical selection. However, despite all the security measures, pipelines have caused much significant environmental pollution due to accident, intention or negligence. Law is the major applied tool for compensating this environmental pollution and for determining the liable person or organization. According to international law, the rights and obligations of the source State and potentially affected states should be defined in such a way that all transit states can proceed with their operations. Moreover, the source state acts in compliance with its international obligations and adopts the necessary regulations in order to safeguard that the person in control of a potentially harm-causing activity has to bear the costs of additional measures to comply with those regulations. However, if the source state acts in violation of its international obligations, not the person in control of the activity but the state would be primary liable ex delicto. Equally significant, Turkey requires some changes in the existing laws and additional new regulations for constituting more effective Turkish Liability law and being a reference source for internationally liability law. Regarding hazardous facilities, Turkey needs some common provisions to derive new solution possibilities and to identify some criteria for cases in the future.

Research assessed early stages of calcareous soil reclamation along the TMX-Anchor Loop pipeline through Jasper National Park. Calcareous soils are low in nutrients and highly prone to erosion after disturbances. Four sites were established in each of five calcareous soils, and divided into three pipeline right-of-way areas; work, trench and spoil. Ten amendment treatments, established within each right-of-way areaincluded a control and combinations of wood chips, fertilizer and compost with some plots having amendments incorporated. Wood chip treatments decreased availability of soil nutrients, with small plants contributing to high vegetation densities and low cover. Compost treatments increased soil nutrients and aided large plant establishment, creating lower plant densities and higher cover. Light application rates were most successful, with higher native plant densities and cover in relation to heavy application rates, which encouraged robust non-native plants. Pipeline right-of-way areas had no overall impact on early reclamation success. / Land Reclamation and Remediation

The objective of this Thesis is to devise a system for the "rheology-based design" of non-settling (homogeneous) slurry pipelines that is more conducive to application by practicing engineers without impairing its accuracy or utility for research purposes. The cornerstone is the development of a new rheological model and constitutive equation for homogeneous slurry based on the aggregation/deaggregation of the suspended mineral particles. This “yield plastic” model is shown to describe a family of models that includes the Newtonian, Bingham plastic and Casson models as special cases. It also closely approximates the results of many consistency models, including power law, yield power law, Cross and Carreau-Yasuda. The yield plastic model is then used to develop design equations to determine the pressure-gradient of laminar and turbulent pipe flow. A relative energy dissipation criterion is proposed for the laminar-turbulent transition and shown to be consistent with currently used transition models for Newtonian and Bingham fluids. Finally, a new dimensionless group (the “stress number”) is proposed that is directly proportional to the pressure-gradient and independent of the velocity. When the design equations are presented graphically in terms of the stress number and the plastic Reynolds number, the resulting “design curve diagram” is shown to be a dimensionless (pressure-gradient vs. velocity) pipe flow curve. The net result is that the hydraulic design of homogeneous slurry systems only requires the use of a single constitutive equation and three engineering design equations. The results are presented in a conceptually easy form that will foster an intuitive understanding of non-Newtonian pipe flow. This will assist engineers to understand the impact of slurry rheology when designing, operating and troubleshooting slurry pipelines and, in the future, other slurry related processes.

Zugl.: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 2005

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, November, 1987. / Title from PDF t.p.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Paderborn, 1995.

Stuttgart, Univ., Fakultät Informatik, Diplomarb., 1998.

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2001--Aachen.

University, Diss., 2001--Saarbrücken.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3109_1.pdf: 4561002 bytes, checksum: 69f948acb5be69e1e0d72a2957f5208f (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A habilidade de interativamente mesclar o mundo real com o virtual abriu um leque de novas possibilidades na área de sistemas multimídia. O campo de pesquisa que trata desse problema é chamado de Realidade Aumentada. Em Realidade Aumentada, os elementos virtuais podem aparecer destacados dos objetos reais ou fotorrealisticamente inseridos no mundo real. Dentro desse segundo tipo de aplicação, pode-se citar: ferramentas de auxílio ao projeto de interiores, jogos eletrônicos aumentados e aplicações para visualização de sítios históricos. Na literatura pesquisada existe uma lacuna para ferramentas que auxiliem a criação desse tipo de aplicação. Na tentativa de contornar isso, esta dissertação propõe um pipeline para renderização fotorrealística em aplicações de Realidade Aumentada que leva em consideração aspectos como: a iluminação, as propriedades de refletância dos materiais, o sombreamento, a composição do mundo real com o mundo virtual e os efeitos de câmera. Esse pipeline foi implementado como uma API, permitindo a realização de dois estudos de caso: uma ferramenta de edição de materiais e uma ferramenta de auxílio ao projeto de interiores. Para obter taxas interativas de renderização, os gargalos do pipeline foram implementados em GPU. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o pipeline proposto oferece ganhos consideráveis de realismo com relação à visualização dos objetos virtuais