Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η μελέτη της πειρατείας στην μουσική βιομηχανία και η συμπεριφορά του «καταναλωτή» απέναντί της. Θα ξεκινήσει με την ανάλυση του Μάρκετινγκ και την ανάλυση του περιβάλλοντος της μουσικής βιομηχανίας σήμερα. Θα αναφέρει τους τρόπους και τις τεχνικές προώθησης και το πως εφαρμόζεται το Μάρκετινγκ στην συγκεκριμένη βιομηχανία. Θα παρουσιάσει την ιστορία της πειρατείας και την φιλοσοφία που κρύβεται πίσω από αυτή. Στο τέλος θα συνδέσει το ρόλο της πειρατείας στα παραπάνω, με έρευνες που έχουν γίνει στο παρελθόν. Επιπλέον, θα εξετάσει την συμπεριφορά του καταναλωτή γενικότερα και στην συνέχεια θα παρουσιάσει τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας που έγινε, η οποία εξετάζει την συμπεριφορά του καταναλωτή απέναντι στην διαδικτυακή αγορά της μουσικής, νόμιμα ή παράνομα, στην πειρατεία της μουσικής βιομηχανίας και την συμμετοχή του σε αυτήν καθώς στους λόγους που το κάνει. Τέλος, θα παρατεθούν τα συμπεράσματα της έρευνας, προτάσεις πάνω στο θέμα της πειρατείας και θέματα προς συζήτηση. / The purpose of this paper is to study the piracy in music business today, and to examine the consumer behaviour towards music piracy.

The rapid diffusion of digital technologies since the 1970s has produced significant cultural change within industrialised societies and this dissertation examines the particular challenge that digital technologies and a burgeoning digital culture pose to copyright law. The hypothesis is that the international copyright regime, based on the private ownership of intellectual property, is being undermined by the collaborative and sharing dimensions of a networked digital culture. The argument is premised on evidence that digital culture is now so pervasive and so disruptive of traditional social and economic institutions that current copyright laws are no longer capable of managing the production and distribution of the knowledge, information and entertainment products that are fundamental to the operation of the global information economy. Ideological and cultural differences have led to conflict and ‘copyfights’ between the owners of copyright works and the digital creators who produce and share copyright works outside the commercial marketplace, and often, outside the law. Defending their legal rights, the owners have generally adopted a copyright maximalist approach. They have successfully argued for stricter laws to protect their valuable private property rights and have enforced the law against digital pirates and new technologies that they claim threaten their businesses and the orderly operation of the knowledge economy. The digital sharers have adopted a ‘copyleft’ approach. Demonstrating little respect for laws that inhibit digital creativity and innovation, and supportive of a public domain of accessible cultural works, they argue for less stringent legal controls over copyright works and for a new intellectual commons in which knowledge, information and entertainment products are shared, rather than privately owned. Analysis of the culture clash between owners and sharers and between their private and public interests demonstrates that the 21st century copyfights are divisive and expensive. This dissertation, as well as addressing the challenge that digital culture poses to copyright law, suggests possibilities for legal reform and opens up new terrain for further study into the question of who should own and benefit from the knowledge and information that form our cultural heritage. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (B.A.)--Haverford College, Dept. of Economics, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Psychology. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-253).

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010. / Thesis Advisor(s): Dahl, Erik J. Second Reader: Moran, Daniel J. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Piracy, Maritime Security, Regional Security Cooperation, Cooperative Security, Middle East, Southeast Asia, Gulf of Aden, Straits of Malacca, Maritime Capacity. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-116). Also available in print.

La piraterie est un phénomène international depuis l'Antiquité. Sa répression a fait l'objet de différentes mesures de la part des États. Mais c'est du XVe au XVIIIe siècle que cette infraction a été reconnue comme crime international. La découverte du Nouveau Monde, le commerce et les profits qu'il a engendrés ont poussé les nations à prendre fait et cause contre « l'ennemi du genre humain ».Ainsi, les nations sont parvenues à mettre en place une définition commune puis à mettre en œuvre des instruments juridiques parachevant la compétence universelle. Ainsi définie, cette dernière permet à n'importe quel État de poursuivre et d'arrêter les pirates sans considération de naturalité et les autorise à les ramener dans leur pays pour qu'ils soient jugés selon leur droit interne. Cette répression particulière tient aux différents éléments constitutifs de l'infraction ainsi qu'au besoin d'efficacité de la répression.L'étude de la répression de la piraterie aux Caraïbes entre les XVe au XVIIIe siècles permet de comprendre la création de ce mécanisme particulier, d'en saisir les enjeux et les contours et d'appréhender plus facilement un mécanisme international encore exploité aujourd'hui. / Piracy is an international phenomenon since Antiquity. Its repression was the subject of different measures that states have taken. But, it's from the 15th century to the 18th century that its internationalization has been dedicated. The discovery of the New World, commerce and profits which it spawned have pushed nations to take up the case against “the enemy of the human kind”.Nations have thereby succeeded in establishing a common definition then to implement legal instruments allowing the application of the universal jurisdiction. Thus defined, this last allows any State to pursue and arrest pirates without consideration of naturality and to bring them in his country to been prosecuted according his internal law. This particular repression considers of his various components of the infraction as well as the need for an effective repression.Studying the repression of piracy in Caribbean between the 15th and the 18th centuries allows to get a better understanding of the creation of the particular mechanism of universal jurisdiction, to grasp its stakes and contours and to apprehend more easily an international mechanism still exploited today.

Software piracy, the illegal and unauthorized duplication, sale, or distribution of software, is a widespread and costly phenomenon. According to the Business Software Alliance, more than one third of the PC software packages installed worldwide in 2006 were unauthorized copies. This behavior costs the software industry billions of lost dollars in revenue annually. Software piracy behavior has been investigated for more than thirty years. However, there are two voids in the literature: lack of studies in Non-Western countries and scarcity of process studies. As such, this study contributes to the literature by developing a software piracy model to understand the decision making process that underlies this illegal behavior among Jordanian university students. Based on a literature review in various disciplines, including social psychology, psychology, and criminology, several important variables have been incorporated into the proposed model. The model was tested using data collected from a sample of 323 undergraduate business students. The resulting data was analyzed by two main statistical techniques, structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical multiple regression. The results indicated that the model was useful in predicting students' intention to pirate software. Seven out of eight hypotheses were supported. Consistent with The Theory of Reasoned Action, attitudes toward software piracy and subjective norms were significant predictors of intention to pirate software. However, our findings are inconsistent with previous studies with regard to the relative importance of attitude and subjective norms; subjective norms had a stronger effect. Also, the results suggested that ethical ideology, public self-consciousness, and low self-control moderated the effect of these variables on intention to pirate software. Lastly, the results indicated that the effect of subjective norms on afintention to pirate software was both direct and indirect through attitudes. The results have important practical implications for the software industry and governments to curtail software piracy. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future studies are discussed as well.

Divided into three parts, this thesis maps a cultural history of Barbary captivity; concentrating on the early 17th century leading up to the Civil Wars; an aspect of British-Muslim contact within which the West Country is overrepresented in the archives. However, this wealth of material contrasts sharply with the paucity of popular and public-facing representations. Situating these accounts within wider contexts, this thesis investigates this contrast, exploring the social, cultural, emotional and economic impact of Barbary captivity upon understandings of place and identity. The first part examines representations of being taken captive, the terror and distress of West Country inhabitants, and the responses and concerns of the authorities. The on-going failure to protect the region and its seafarers exacerbated this distress, producing marginalised geographies of fear and anxiety. The second part explores the themes of memory and identity, arguing that how captives were remembered and forgotten had implications for localised and national identities. For those held in Barbary, families and communities petitioned and undertook ransom collections to redeem the captives, providing reminders to the authorities and appealing for wider remembrance as part of the processes of Christian compassion. Nevertheless, the majority of captives were ‘forgotten’, neither ransomed nor leaving their individual mark within the historical record. This part concludes with a discussion of the role of memory in managing and articulating the ‘trauma’ of captivity. The final part examines mobile and fluid identities, concentrating on returning captives and Islamic converts. Early modern theories of identity situated the humoral body of the captive as susceptible to ‘turning Turk’, contributing to wider negotiations of national, ethnic and religious identities. Cultural anxieties were preoccupied with the ill-defined borders of the geographically displaced material body, generating mutable, hidden and shameful identities. In conclusion, sites of cultural trauma are produced, indicated by the subsequent silence regarding this aspect of localised history.

Le non-conventionnel, primat de la conflictualité contemporaine, modifie les voies utiles de son règlement juridique et militaire. De facto, à la traditionnelle dichotomie combattants et non-combattants, et aux notions obsolètes de déclaration de guerre et de guerre, se substituent une pluralité d’agresseurs et une superposition de cadres juridiques, fondement même de l’interaction des normes applicables en l’espèce, tant au niveau du droit local interne, que régional européen, ou encore international. La traduction juridique de cette confusion apparaît particulièrement dans les jurisprudences européennes et plus généralement dans la montée de l’Europe et de ses droits. Les connexions inter-juridictionnelles complexes, tant horizontales que verticales, s’illustrent particulièrement en matière de lutte contre le terrorisme, incarnant la mise en balance continue entre sécurité collective et protection des droits fondamentaux. En outre, le déplacement du centre de gravité des nouvelles conflictualités, du champ de la sécurité publique vers celui de la défense, revêt des conséquences en matière de respect des droits fondamentaux et de doctrine d’emploi des forces armées. Celles-ci sont les actrices principales de l’altération concrète du distinguo jus ad bellum, jus in bello, actionnées qu’elles sont sur le fondement de concepts nouveaux, qui sont autant de considérations à l’appui d’une refonte de modus operandi obsolètes, et motivant des interrogations relatives à l’interprétation du droit existant (lex lata) et de la nature des modifications à porter (lex ferenda) / The non-conventional, primacy of the contemporary conflicts, alters the useful ways of legal and military settlement. De facto, beyond the traditional dichotomy combattant versus non combattant, and to the obsolete notions of declaration of war and war, substitute a wide diversity of aggressors and a superposition of legal frameworks, the very basis of the interaction of applicable standards in this case, at the level of both the local internal law, the regional European law and the international law. The legal translation of this confusion figures particularly in european case law and more usually in the rise of Europe and its laws modifications. The complex inter-jurisdictional connections, horizontal and vertical, are particularly present in case of fight against terrorism embodying the continuous balancing test of the collective security and protection of fundamental laws. In addition, the shift in the centre of gravity of the new conflicts, from the scope of the public security to the defence, leads to consequences in the field of fundamental laws respect and doctrine of use of armed forces. They are the main agents of the practical weathering of the distinguo jus ad bellum, jus in bello, sued on the basis of new concepts, which are so many arguments to overhaul the obsolete modus operandi, explaining questions related to interpretation of existing law (lex lata) and the nature of the necessary modifications (lex ferenda)