O estresse por calor influencia a fisiologia da fêmea causando modificações placentárias que interferem no desenvolvimento fetal e desempenho dos cabritos. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico durante o terço final da gestação sobre a placenta de cabras Saanen, o comportamento materno-filial, as respostas termorregulatórias e peso dos cabritos do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida. Neste projeto de pesquisa foram utilizadas 47 cabras no terço final da gestação, 24 animais foram submetidos ao estresse por calor na câmara climática (tratamento estresse térmico - ET) e 23 cabras permaneceram em ambiente de termoneutralidade (tratamento controle - CT). O experimento foi organizado em 3 fases distintas: gestação, parto e desenvolvimento dos cabritos. Em cada fase os animais foram acompanhados diariamente e quinzenalmente, foi obtido plasma para dosagem de cortisol. Todos partos foram acompanhados, sendo colhidas amostras do líquido amniótico e placenta, da qual foi realizado análise histológica e expressão gênica das HSPs 27, 70 e 90, enzima 11β-HSD tipo 1 e tipo 2, CRH e ACTH-R. No nascimento, foi realizado o escore APGAR dos cabritos e avaliações do comportamento materno-filial. Os cabritos foram pesados semanalmente e acompanhados do nascimento até o desmame. As concentrações de cortisol no líquido amniótico das cabras do tratamento ET (39,42 ± 1,3 ng/mL) foram significativamente maiores que o tratamento CT (31,87 ± 2,04 ng/mL) e o inverso ocorreu para a concentração plasmática dos cabritos no nascimento que foram significativamente maiores para o tratamento CT (94,83 ± 5,49 ng/mL) que para o ET (70,20 ± 5,41 ng/mL). O estresse térmico causou redução significativa na eficiência placentária das cabras ET (9,98 ± 0,41) quando comparada as cabras CT (13,06 ± 2,16), assim como na expressão gênica da enzima 11β-HSD tipo 2 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (4,16 ± 1,79) e aumento na expressão gênica do ACTH-R (9,4 ± 1,00) quando comparadas ao tecido placentário das cabras CT (25,06 ± 3,85 e 3,44 ± 1,00, respectivamente). Como forma de proteção celular, houve maior expressão gênica da HSP 70 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (5,44 ± 0,46) que das cabras CT (3,05 ± 0,64). Os cabritos ET apresentaram maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios que os cabritos CT. As cabras ET apresentaram maior frequência na atividade de estimulo a cria a levantar. Os cabritos ET também tiveram maior frequência na tentativa de levantar que os cabritos CT. Houve diferença no peso dos cabritos CT (3,97±0,07 Kg) e ET (3,71±0,07 Kg) aos 8 dias de vida, e tendência no nascimento e 15 dias de vida. No entanto, o tratamento térmico não influenciou o peso ao desmame. Em conclusão, o estresse térmico por calor no terço final de gestação de cabras, estimulou maior atividade de cuidados das cabras com os cabritos, assim como teve impacto negativo na eficiência placentária, tendo como reflexo maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios, e menor ganho de peso dos cabritos nos primeiros 15 dias de vida, mas sem interferir no desempenho ao desmame. / Heat stress influences the physiology of female causing placental changes that interfere in the fetal development and performance of goatlings. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of thermal stress during the final third of gestation on the placental of Saanen goats, thermoregulatory responses and goatlings\' performance. In this research, 47 goats at final third of gestation were used, 24 animals were submitted to heat stress in climatic chamber (heat stress treatment - HS) and 23 goats remained in thermoneutral environment (control treatment - CT). The experiment was organized in three distinct phases: gestation, kidding and development of kids. At each stage the animals were monitored daily and biweekly, it was obtained the plasma for cortisol analysis. The kidding of all goats was assisted and samples of amniotic fluid and placenta were collected, it was performed histological analysis and gene expression of HSPs 27, 70 and 90, 11β-HSD enzyme type 1 and type 2, CRH and ACTH-R. At birth, was evaluated the APGAR score of the goatlings and was observed the maternal-filial behaviors. The kids were weighed weekly and were accompanied from birth to weaning at 60 days years old. The concentrations of cortisol in the amniotic fluid for the HS goats (39.42 ± 1.3 ng/mL) were significantly higher than the CT goats (31.87 ± 2.04 ng/mL) and the opposite occurred for the goatlings cortisol plasma concentration at birth that was significantly higher for the CT treatment (94.83 ± 5.49 ng/mL) than for HS (70.20 ± 5.41 ng/mL). The heat treatment promoted a significant reduction in the placental efficiency for HS goats (9.98 ± 0.41) when compared to CT goats (13.06 ± 2.16), there was also a significant reduction in 11β-HSD type 2 enzyme gene expression in placental tissue of HS goats (4.16 ± 1.79) and an increase in the gene expression of ACTH-R (9.4 ± 1,00) when compared to the placental tissue of CT goats (25.06 ± 3.85 and 3.44 ± 1,00, respectively). In order to protect cells, there was more gene expression in the HSP 70 in placental tissue of HS goats (5.44 ± 0.46) than the CT goats (3,05 ± 0,64). The HS kids showed greater mobilization of the thermoregulatory mechanisms than the goatlings of the CT treatment. The HS goats showed higher frequency in the stimulation activity of offspring to raise. HS kids had higher frequency in the attempt to raise than those in CT. At 8 days of life, was observed a difference in the goatling\'s weight, CT (3.97 ± 0.07 kg) and HS (3.71 ± 0.07 kg). However, the heat treatment did not influence the weight at weaning. In conclusion, heat stress in the final third of gestation of goats stimulated greater goat care with goats, as well as having a negative impact on the placental efficiency, with a greater mobilization of thermoregulatory mechanisms, and the lowest weight gain of kids goats in the first 15 days of life, but without interfering in the performance of animals at weaning.

The aim was to explore the possibility to diagnose retained placental tissue and other placental complications with 3D ultrasound and to investigate the impact of previous caesarean section on placentation in forthcoming pregnancies. 3D ultrasound was used to measure the volumes of the uterine body and cavity in 50 women with uncomplicated deliveries throughout the postpartum period. These volumes were then used as reference, to diagnose retained placental tissue in 25 women with secondary postpartum haemorrhage. All but three of the 25 women had retained placental tissue confirmed at histopathology. The volume of the uterine cavity in women with retained placental tissue was larger than the reference in most cases, but even cavities with no retained placental tissue were enlarged (Studies I and II). Women with their first and second birth, recorded in the Swedish medical birth register, were studied in order to find an association between previous caesarean section and retained placenta. The risk of retained placenta with heavy bleeding (>1,000 mL) and normal bleeding (≤1,000 mL) was estimated for 19,459 women with first caesarean section delivery, using 239,150 women with first vaginal delivery as controls. There was an increased risk of retained placenta with heavy bleeding in women with previous caesarean section (adjusted OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.44-1.79). There was no increased risk of retained placenta with normal bleeding (Study III). Placental location, myometrial thickness and Vascularisation Index were recorded on 400 women previously delivered by caesarean section. The outcome was retained placenta and postpartum haemorrhage (≥1,000 mL). There was a trend towards increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage for women with anterior placentae. Women with placenta praevia had an increased risk of retained placenta and postpartum haemorrhage. Vascularisation Index and myometrial thickness did not associate (Study IV). In conclusion: 3D ultrasound can be used to measure the volume of the uterine body and cavity postpartum, but does not increase the diagnostic accuracy of retained placental tissue. Previous caesarean section increases the risk of retained placenta in subsequent pregnancy, and placenta praevia in women with previous caesarean section increases the risk for retained placenta and postpartum haemorrhage.

O estresse por calor influencia a fisiologia da fêmea causando modificações placentárias que interferem no desenvolvimento fetal e desempenho dos cabritos. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico durante o terço final da gestação sobre a placenta de cabras Saanen, o comportamento materno-filial, as respostas termorregulatórias e peso dos cabritos do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida. Neste projeto de pesquisa foram utilizadas 47 cabras no terço final da gestação, 24 animais foram submetidos ao estresse por calor na câmara climática (tratamento estresse térmico - ET) e 23 cabras permaneceram em ambiente de termoneutralidade (tratamento controle - CT). O experimento foi organizado em 3 fases distintas: gestação, parto e desenvolvimento dos cabritos. Em cada fase os animais foram acompanhados diariamente e quinzenalmente, foi obtido plasma para dosagem de cortisol. Todos partos foram acompanhados, sendo colhidas amostras do líquido amniótico e placenta, da qual foi realizado análise histológica e expressão gênica das HSPs 27, 70 e 90, enzima 11β-HSD tipo 1 e tipo 2, CRH e ACTH-R. No nascimento, foi realizado o escore APGAR dos cabritos e avaliações do comportamento materno-filial. Os cabritos foram pesados semanalmente e acompanhados do nascimento até o desmame. As concentrações de cortisol no líquido amniótico das cabras do tratamento ET (39,42 ± 1,3 ng/mL) foram significativamente maiores que o tratamento CT (31,87 ± 2,04 ng/mL) e o inverso ocorreu para a concentração plasmática dos cabritos no nascimento que foram significativamente maiores para o tratamento CT (94,83 ± 5,49 ng/mL) que para o ET (70,20 ± 5,41 ng/mL). O estresse térmico causou redução significativa na eficiência placentária das cabras ET (9,98 ± 0,41) quando comparada as cabras CT (13,06 ± 2,16), assim como na expressão gênica da enzima 11β-HSD tipo 2 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (4,16 ± 1,79) e aumento na expressão gênica do ACTH-R (9,4 ± 1,00) quando comparadas ao tecido placentário das cabras CT (25,06 ± 3,85 e 3,44 ± 1,00, respectivamente). Como forma de proteção celular, houve maior expressão gênica da HSP 70 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (5,44 ± 0,46) que das cabras CT (3,05 ± 0,64). Os cabritos ET apresentaram maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios que os cabritos CT. As cabras ET apresentaram maior frequência na atividade de estimulo a cria a levantar. Os cabritos ET também tiveram maior frequência na tentativa de levantar que os cabritos CT. Houve diferença no peso dos cabritos CT (3,97±0,07 Kg) e ET (3,71±0,07 Kg) aos 8 dias de vida, e tendência no nascimento e 15 dias de vida. No entanto, o tratamento térmico não influenciou o peso ao desmame. Em conclusão, o estresse térmico por calor no terço final de gestação de cabras, estimulou maior atividade de cuidados das cabras com os cabritos, assim como teve impacto negativo na eficiência placentária, tendo como reflexo maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios, e menor ganho de peso dos cabritos nos primeiros 15 dias de vida, mas sem interferir no desempenho ao desmame. / Heat stress influences the physiology of female causing placental changes that interfere in the fetal development and performance of goatlings. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of thermal stress during the final third of gestation on the placental of Saanen goats, thermoregulatory responses and goatlings\' performance. In this research, 47 goats at final third of gestation were used, 24 animals were submitted to heat stress in climatic chamber (heat stress treatment - HS) and 23 goats remained in thermoneutral environment (control treatment - CT). The experiment was organized in three distinct phases: gestation, kidding and development of kids. At each stage the animals were monitored daily and biweekly, it was obtained the plasma for cortisol analysis. The kidding of all goats was assisted and samples of amniotic fluid and placenta were collected, it was performed histological analysis and gene expression of HSPs 27, 70 and 90, 11β-HSD enzyme type 1 and type 2, CRH and ACTH-R. At birth, was evaluated the APGAR score of the goatlings and was observed the maternal-filial behaviors. The kids were weighed weekly and were accompanied from birth to weaning at 60 days years old. The concentrations of cortisol in the amniotic fluid for the HS goats (39.42 ± 1.3 ng/mL) were significantly higher than the CT goats (31.87 ± 2.04 ng/mL) and the opposite occurred for the goatlings cortisol plasma concentration at birth that was significantly higher for the CT treatment (94.83 ± 5.49 ng/mL) than for HS (70.20 ± 5.41 ng/mL). The heat treatment promoted a significant reduction in the placental efficiency for HS goats (9.98 ± 0.41) when compared to CT goats (13.06 ± 2.16), there was also a significant reduction in 11β-HSD type 2 enzyme gene expression in placental tissue of HS goats (4.16 ± 1.79) and an increase in the gene expression of ACTH-R (9.4 ± 1,00) when compared to the placental tissue of CT goats (25.06 ± 3.85 and 3.44 ± 1,00, respectively). In order to protect cells, there was more gene expression in the HSP 70 in placental tissue of HS goats (5.44 ± 0.46) than the CT goats (3,05 ± 0,64). The HS kids showed greater mobilization of the thermoregulatory mechanisms than the goatlings of the CT treatment. The HS goats showed higher frequency in the stimulation activity of offspring to raise. HS kids had higher frequency in the attempt to raise than those in CT. At 8 days of life, was observed a difference in the goatling\'s weight, CT (3.97 ± 0.07 kg) and HS (3.71 ± 0.07 kg). However, the heat treatment did not influence the weight at weaning. In conclusion, heat stress in the final third of gestation of goats stimulated greater goat care with goats, as well as having a negative impact on the placental efficiency, with a greater mobilization of thermoregulatory mechanisms, and the lowest weight gain of kids goats in the first 15 days of life, but without interfering in the performance of animals at weaning.

<p>This study was undertaken to investigate the involutional changes of the uterus and uterine cavity by ultrasound (US), gray-scale and Doppler, after normal delivery, and to compare with the corresponding findings from women with puerperal complications, particularly retained placental tissue (RPT). The overall design was exploratory and prospective, with the use of descriptive statistics for analysis. </p><p>Forty-two women with uncomplicated vaginal term delivery were examined on post-partum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56. The AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity and morphological findings were recorded. The maximum AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity diminished from 92.0 mm on day 1 to 38.9 mm at day 56 and from 15.8 mm at day 1 to 4.0 mm at day 56, respectively. The uterus was most often empty in the early and late puerperium while a mixed echo pattern over the whole cavity was found during mid puerperium (I).</p><p>Seventy-nine women with secondary post partum hemorrhage (SPH) were examined on the day they presented with clinical symptoms. US revealed an echogenic mass in the uterine cavity in 17 of 18 patients treated surgically and histology confirmed placental tissue in 14 of these. Sixty-one patients with either an empty cavity or mixed echo pattern had an uneventful puerperal course after conservative treatment (II).</p><p>AP diameters and morphological findings for 55 women with endometritis, 28 after caesarean section and 20 after manual evacuation of the placenta overlapped extensively with normal references (III).</p><p>The physiological vascular involution studied in 45 women after normal delivery showed that PI and RI indices did not change significantly until day 28 postpartum. The presence of at least one uterine artery notch was found in 13.3% of the women at day 1 and in 90.6% at day 56 postpartum (IV).</p><p>PI and RI values were measured and compared with reference values in 20 women with clinical suspicion of RPT who were to undergo surgical evacuation. Mean resistance indices were below the 10th percentile for eight of these 20 women, but overlapping was considerable. Doppler US has limited value as a diagnostic tool for RPT. The absence of a hyper-vascular area in the myometrium does not exclude RPT but an echogenic mass in the cavity is a sign of RPT (V).</p>

This study was undertaken to investigate the involutional changes of the uterus and uterine cavity by ultrasound (US), gray-scale and Doppler, after normal delivery, and to compare with the corresponding findings from women with puerperal complications, particularly retained placental tissue (RPT). The overall design was exploratory and prospective, with the use of descriptive statistics for analysis. Forty-two women with uncomplicated vaginal term delivery were examined on post-partum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56. The AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity and morphological findings were recorded. The maximum AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity diminished from 92.0 mm on day 1 to 38.9 mm at day 56 and from 15.8 mm at day 1 to 4.0 mm at day 56, respectively. The uterus was most often empty in the early and late puerperium while a mixed echo pattern over the whole cavity was found during mid puerperium (I). Seventy-nine women with secondary post partum hemorrhage (SPH) were examined on the day they presented with clinical symptoms. US revealed an echogenic mass in the uterine cavity in 17 of 18 patients treated surgically and histology confirmed placental tissue in 14 of these. Sixty-one patients with either an empty cavity or mixed echo pattern had an uneventful puerperal course after conservative treatment (II). AP diameters and morphological findings for 55 women with endometritis, 28 after caesarean section and 20 after manual evacuation of the placenta overlapped extensively with normal references (III). The physiological vascular involution studied in 45 women after normal delivery showed that PI and RI indices did not change significantly until day 28 postpartum. The presence of at least one uterine artery notch was found in 13.3% of the women at day 1 and in 90.6% at day 56 postpartum (IV). PI and RI values were measured and compared with reference values in 20 women with clinical suspicion of RPT who were to undergo surgical evacuation. Mean resistance indices were below the 10th percentile for eight of these 20 women, but overlapping was considerable. Doppler US has limited value as a diagnostic tool for RPT. The absence of a hyper-vascular area in the myometrium does not exclude RPT but an echogenic mass in the cavity is a sign of RPT (V).