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Surface reflectance analysis of small bodies on different scalesMasoumzadeh Jouzdani, Nafiseh 09 April 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Propriétés thermo-physiques et hydratation de la surface de Mars / Thermo-physical properties and hydration of the Martian surfaceAudouard, Joachim 08 December 2014 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse est consacré à la caractérisation physique de la surface de Mars et à l'étude des facteurs dynamiques la modifiant. Deux aspects sont étudiés. Le premier concerne les propriétés thermo-physiques qui sont un moyen de contraindre les actions que les forces érosives et sédimentaires cumulées sur les temps géologiques ont joué à la surface de Mars. Le second est l'hydratation de la surface de Mars qui est une donnée importante du système climatique martien en tant que réservoir d'eau.Afin de caractériser ces deux propriétés physiques de la surface de Mars, nous avons combiné l'approche orbitale permettant une couverture globale, l'approche in situ qui fournit une interprétation locale robuste et l'utilisation d'outils de simulation des processus physiques. Les données des instruments OMEGA, un spectro-imageur à bord de Mars Express en orbite autour de Mars depuis 2004, et le capteur de température de surface de l'instrument REMS, embarqué à bord de Curiosity et en opération dans le cratère Gale depuis 2012 ont été analysées en détail. Les mesures de température de surface de ces deux instruments ont été inversées pour caractériser les propriétés thermo-physiques de la surface au moyen d'un modèle climatique. Nous présentons la première carte globale de l'inertie thermique de la surface de Mars calculées à partir des données OMEGA et nous mettons en évidence de manière inédite des comportements thermiques spécifiques d'assemblages hétérogènes à la surface de Mars ou de processus physiques négligés.Les informations relatives à l'hydratation de la surface ont pu être extraites des données OMEGA grâce à la prise en compte de mesures en laboratoire et ont été interprétées de concert avec les résultats de plusieurs missions autour ou à la surface de Mars et des simulations climatiques du cycle de l'eau afin de reconstruire l'histoire de cette hydratation. Nous trouvons que l'hydratation est stable tout au long de l'année martienne et qu'elle augmente avec la latitude de manière asymétrique entre les deux hémisphères. La distribution spatiale de l'hydratation coincide avec les zones en contact régulier avec des dépôts de givre, qui apparaît ainsi être à l'origine du processus responsable de l'implémentation de l'eau dans le régolite martien. / This thesis work is devoted to the physical characterization of the Martian surface and to the study of dynamic processes modifying it. Two aspects are addressed. The first concerns the thermo-physical properties which are a mean to putting constraints on to the erosive and sedimentary actions summed over the geologic history. The second is the hydration of the Martian surface which plays, as a planetary reservoir of water, an important role on the Martian climate.In order to characterize these two physical parameters of the Martian surface, we have combined the orbital view which allows a global coverage with in situ measurements, which provides a robust local interpretation, and we have used tools allowing numerical simulations of physical processes. Data from OMEGA, an imaging spectrometer onboard Mars Express orbiting Mars since 2004, and from the ground temperature sensor of the REMS instrument onboard Curiosity have been analyzed in details. Surface temperature measurements from these two instruments have been inverted using a climate model for characterizing the thermo-physical properties of the Martian surface. We present the first global map of the Martian surface thermal inertia constructed from OMEGA data and we directly highlight for the first time some thermal behavior caused by heterogeneous mixtures or neglected physical processes at the surface of Mars.Information regarding the hydration of the Martian surface have been extracted from OMEGA data using a large set of laboratory experiments. This information has been interpreted together with scientific results from multiple mission orbiting or at the surface of Mars and with numerical simulations of the Martian water cycle in order to reconstruct the history of this hydration. We find that the hydration remains stable throughout the whole Martian year and that it increases with latitude with an asymetry between the two hemispheres. The spatial distribution of the hydration fits areas that are in regular contact with water frost, which therefore seems to be involved in the process of water implementation in the Martian regolith.
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Use of raw Martian and Lunar soils for surface-based reactor shieldingChristian, Jose L. 1963- 13 October 2014 (has links)
For several decades, the idea of flying and landing a less-than-man-rated nuclear reactor for planetary surface applications has been considered. This approach promises significant mass savings and therefore reduction in launch cost. To compensate for the lack of shielding, it has been suggested the use of in-situ materials for providing radiation protection. This would take the form of either raw dirt walls or processed soil materials into blocks or tile elements. As a first step in determining the suitability of this approach, it is necessary to understand the neutron activation characteristics of these soils. A simple assessment of these activation characteristics was conducted for both Martian and Lunar soils using ORIGEN2.2. An average composition for these soils was assumed. As a baseline material, commonly used NBS-03 concrete was compared against the soils. Preliminary results indicate that over 2.5 times more gamma-radiation production of these soils vs. concrete took place during the irradiation phase (a baseline of 2.4 x 1011 neutrons/sec-cm2 was assumed). This was due primarily to radiative capture on Na23 and Mn55 and subsequent decay of their activation products. This is does not necessarily disqualify these materials as potential shielding material since the -radiation output was only in the order of 4.2 x 108 photons/cm3-sec. Furthermore, these soils did not show any significant activity after shutdown of the neutron source (the reactor), since all activation products had very short half lives. Their performance in this area was comparable to that of NBS-03 concrete. / text
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