Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Patrícia Teixeira Leite Asano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017. / A área do setor elétrico que trata das necessidades energéticas por parte das usinas, de forma coordenada, é chamada de Planejamento da Operação de Sistemas Hidrotérmicos de Potência. Esta área tem como finalidade principal encontrar uma política operativa que forneça energia elétrica ao sistema, em um determinado período, com confiabilidade e por um custo mínimo. Sendo assim com a intenção de colaborar com está área, a Tese desenvolvida teve como objetivo principal aplicar a técnica de otimização de colônia de formigas para minimizar a potência de bombeamento através da definição do melhor caminho para construção de tubulações de transferência de água entre dois pontos. Para isso uma nova ferramenta computacional (programa IarAI) foi proposta e implementada considerando os dados georreferenciados de entrada, sendo o relevo da região e restrições ambientais. O programa IarAI foi implementado nas linguagens Java e JavaScript. Além disso, o IarAI é composto por quatro módulos que utilizam como técnicas de otimização as Colônias de Formigas e Algoritmos Genéticos. A metodologia e programa foram validados através de dois estudos de casos. O primeiro foi composto por três pontes que ligavam o ninho até a comida com um espaço de busca de 1200 m (40 pontos) x 480 m (16 pontos). O segundo caso teste foi aplicado no curso natural do rio Pinheiros na cidade de São Paulo com um espaço de busca de 34.710 m (1.157 pontos) x 17.960 m (568 pontos). Finalmente, os resultados apresentados demonstram a aplicabilidade da metodologia e algoritmo proposto. / The area of the electricity sector that addresses the energy needs of the plants, in a coordinated way, is called Operation of Hydrothermal Power Systems. This area has as main objective to find an operative policy that provides electrical energy to the system, in a certain period, with reliability and for a minimum cost. The main objective of this thesis was to apply the ant colony optimization technique to minimize pumping power by defining the best path for the construction of water transfer pipes between two points. A new computational tool (IarAI program) was proposed and implemented considering the georeferenced input data, being the relief of the region and environmental restrictions. The IarAI program was implemented in Java and JavaScript languages. In addition, the IarAI is composed of four modules that use as optimization techniques the Ant Colony and Genetic Algorithms. The methodology and program were validated through two case studies. The first one consisted of three bridges that connected the nest to the food with a search space of 1200 m (40 points) x 480 m (16 points). The second test case was applied in the natural course of the Pinheiros river in the city of São Paulo with a search space of 34,710 m (1,157 points) x 17,960 m (568 points). Finally, the presented results demonstrate the applicability of the methodology and proposed algorithm.

Models and simulators have been widely used in urban contexts for many decades. The drawback of most current models is that they are normally designed for specific objectives, so the elements considered are limited and they do not take into account the potential synergies between related systems. The necessity of a framework to model complex smart city systems with a comprehensive smart city model has been remarked by many authors. Therefore, this PhD thesis presents: i) a general conceptual framework for the modelling of energy related activities in smart cities, based on determining the spheres of influence and intervention areas within the city, and on identifying agents and potential synergies among systems, and ii) the development of a holistic energy model of a smart city for the assessment of different courses of action, given its geo-location, regulatory and technical constraints, and current energy markets. This involves the creation of an optimization model that permits the optimal planning and operation of energy resources within the city. In addition, several analyses were carried out to explore different hypothesis for the smart city energy model, including: a)      an assessment of the importance of including network thermal constraints in the planning and operation of DER systems at a low voltage distribution level, b)      an analysis of aggregator’s market modelling approaches and the impact on prices due to DER aggregation levels, and c)      an analysis of synergies between different systems in a smart city context. Some of the main findings are: It is sensible to not consider network thermal constraints in the planning of DER systems. Results showed that the benefit decrement of considering network constraints was approximatively equivalent to the cost of reinforcing the network when necessary after planning without considering network constraints. The level of aggregation affects the planning and overall benefits of DER systems. Also, price-maker approaches could be more appropriate for the planning and operation of energy resources for medium to large aggregation sizes, but could be unnecessary for small sizes, with low expected impact on the market price. Synergies between different energy systems exist in an interconnected smart city context. Results showed that the overall benefits of a joint management of systems were greater than those of the independently managed systems. Lastly, the smart city energy model was applied to a case study simulating a real smart city implementation, considering five real districts in the southern area of Madrid, Spain. This analysis allowed to assess the potential benefits of the implementation of a real smart city programme, and showed how the proposed smart city energy model could be used for the planning of pilot projects. To the best of our knowledge, such a smart city energy model and modelling framework had not been developed and applied yet, and no economic results in terms of the potential benefits of such a smart city initiative had been previously reported. / <p>QC 20171010</p>

[pt] Os recursos disponíveis neste trabalho são a operação do On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) da subestação, possibilidade de cortes de carga e, finalmente, o dimensionamento e despacho de baterias no sistema. Para uma análise mais realista, é abordada, ainda, uma formulação robusta da incerteza da carga e uma representação dos perfis de consumo através de cenários típicos, estabelecidos por agrupamento de similaridade, utilizando algoritmo de mineração de dados K-Means. O sistema teste modificado IEEE 123 barras é empregado na avaliação da metodologia descrita, e indica a viabilidade operacional e econômica da inserção de dispositivos armazenadores de energia no contexto de proposta do trabalho. / [en] The development of studies related to the power applications and economic feasibility of energy storage resources in electricity distribution networks has become promising considering the reduction in the cost of energy storage. Such technology can minimize the intermittence of renewable sources, provide the displacement of peak loads, extend the expansion of the electricity grid infrastructure, among other benefits. In this sense, this dissertation intends to explore and evaluate an integer-mixed linear optimization model, which is originally non-linear, for the planning and operation of energy storage systems inserted in a distribution system that may present unbalanced loads. The model seeks to minimize operation and investment costs, meeting systemic constraints, coordinating the different resources of a distribution system. The resources available in this work are the operation of the On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) of the substation, the possibility of load cuts and, finally, the sizing and dispatch of batteries in the system. For a more realistic analysis, a robust formulation of the load uncertainty and a representation of consumption profiles through typical scenarios, established by similarity clustering, using K-Means data mining algorithm are also addressed. The modified test system IEEE 123 bus is used in the evaluation of the described methodology and indicates the operational and economic feasibility of inserting energy storage devices in the context of the proposed work.