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Chickpea production in the short growing season of the Canadian Prairies is still a challenging task due to excessive and continuous vegetative growth which often results in severe yield and quality reduction. This study examined the effects of three plant growth retardants (PGR), Chlormequat Chloride (CCC), Prohexadione Calcium and Trinexapac Ethyl applied during flowering stage on vegetative growth, seed quality, yield and crop maturity of the Kabuli chickpea cultivar CDC Frontier. Field experiments were conducted at Brooks and Bow Island in southern Alberta in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Four concentrations of each PGR were applied at 10, 20 and 30 days after flowering (DAF) stages. During the 2010 growing season the crop experienced above average moist and cooler temperature conditions. In contrast, later half of the 2011 growing season was above average dry and hot. None of the three PGR tested in this study had a significant effect on plant height at 30 days after treatments or on above ground biomass plant-1 at harvest. Application of PGR had no significant effects on the number of seeds m-2, except at the Brooks rain-fed site in 2011 where the PGR treatment applied at 10 and 20 DAF increased the number of seeds m-2 at harvest. An increase of 1000-seed weight of marketable seeds was obtained with Prohexadione Calcium and Trinexapac Ethyl applications at Bow Island, but the effects were not consistent across sites and years. Results suggested that the effect of PGR on 1000-seed weight of marketable seeds mainly depended upon the growing environment and the type of PGR. In general, PGR applications reduced the total and marketable seed yields. Application of Prohexadione Calcium and Trinexapac Ethyl at the Bow Island site delayed crop maturity in 2011. In contrast, the application of CCC at 6000 mg L-1 at 20 DAF accelerated crop maturity at the Brooks irrigated site in 2011. In addition to this main study, the potential effects of Pyraclostrobin and Prothioconazole fungicides on the activities of the three PGR were compared by a separate experiment conducted at the Brooks irrigated site in 2011. The results of that study revealed that there were no significant differences in the effects of PGR on chickpea vegetative growth, seed yield parameters and maturity when they were applied as a mixture with either Pyraclostrobin or Prothioconazole fungicide. In summary, results revealed that PGR applied during flowering stage were not effective on controlling vegetative growth of chickpea and did not improve seed yield and crop maturity. Their effects on yield-related traits were highly inconsistent. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of PGR is not a reliable agronomic option to handle the production issues associated with continues vegetative growth at the late reproductive stage of the chickpea cultivar CDC Frontier under the western Canadian growing conditions.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes relações de fósforo (P) e potássio (K) nos aspectos morfológicos, fisiológicos, e nos parâmetros produtivos de plantas de soja tratadas com o retardador de crescimento TIBA, através da análise das variáveis altura, número de ramificações (primárias, secundárias e total), massa seca de raíz, valor SPAD (clorofilas), atividade enzimática da ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), nitrato redutase (NR), fenilalanina amonia liase (PAL), concentração de proteína total solúvel (PTS), assim como do número de vagens e grãos, massa de grãos e massa média de 100 grãos (referentes a haste, ramificações e total). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em sistema hidropônico (vasos plásticos contendo areia lavada, com adição de soluções nutritivas modificadas de Hoagland). Utilizou-se o cultivar BRS 255RR, através do delineamento casualizado em blocos, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, constituído por 2 níveis de TIBA (0 e 30 mg L-1) e 4 relações dos nutrientes P e K (0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 vezes o teor desses nutrientes na solução original de Hoagland). Para as variáveis altura, valor SPAD, atividade enzimática e concentração de PTS, considerou-se a adição do fator tempo em nível de sub-parcela. A unidade experimental foi constituída por um vaso de polietileno, com duas plantas de soja. A aplicação do TIBA foi realizada via pulverização foliar, no estádio V5, enquanto que o fornecimento das soluções nutritivas teve início a partir do 4º dia após a emergência. O TIBA promoveu a redução da altura final das plantas e da massa seca de raíz, além de promover o incremento do valor SPAD no período de transição entre as fases vegetativa e reprodutiva. Esse retardador não exerce efeito sobre os valores totais das variáveis número de vagens e grãos, massa de grãos e massa média de 100 grãos, porém, apresenta efeito sobre alguns de seus constituíntes (aumento no número de ramificações secundárias e diminuição no número de vagens e grãos e massa de grãos das ramificações). A relação de P e K igual a 2,0 afeta negativamente a maior parte das variáveis e alguns de seus constituíntes (altura, massa seca de raíz, número de ramificações primárias e total, número total de vagens e grãos, número de grãos da haste, massa de grãos da haste e total), enquanto que a relação de 1,5 afeta o número de vagens das ramificações e a massa média total de 100 grãos, respectivamente. / This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different ratios of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in morphological, physiological and productive performance of soybean plants treated with growth retardant TIBA, through the analysis of height, number of branches (primary, secondary and total), root dry weight, SPAD (chlorophyll) value, enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), nitrate redutase (NR), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), concentration of total soluble protein (TSP), as well as the number of pods and grains, weight of grains and average weight of 100 grains (refer to stem, branches and total). Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions in a hydroponic system (plastic pots containing washed sand, with the addition of modified Hoagland nutrient solution). Were used the cultivar BRS 255RR, by randomized block design, in a factorial 2 x 4, consisting of two levels of TIBA (0 and 30 mg L-1) and 4 ratios of P and K (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the content of these nutrients in the original Hoagland solution). For the variables height, SPAD value, activity and concentration of TSP, it was considered the addition of time as a factor for sub-plot. The experimental unit consisted of a polyethylene pot with two soybean plants. The application of TIBA was performed by foliar sprays at the developmental stage \"V5\", while supplying the nutrient solution started from the 4th day after emergence. TIBA caused a reduction of plant height and dry mass of roots, and promote increased SPAD values during the transition between vegetative and reproductive phases. This retardant did not affect the total values of number of pods and grains, grain weight and average weight of 100 grains, however, it showed effects on some of their constituents (increase in the number of secondary branches and a decrease in the number of pods and grains, and grain weight of the branches). The ratio of P and K equal to 2.0 adversely affects in most of the variables and some of their constituents (height, root dry weight, number of primary branches and total number of pods and grains, grain number from stem, grain weight from stem and total weight), while the ratio of 1.5 affects the number of pods from branches and total average weight of 100 grains, respectively.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes relações de fósforo (P) e potássio (K) nos aspectos morfológicos, fisiológicos, e nos parâmetros produtivos de plantas de soja tratadas com o retardador de crescimento TIBA, através da análise das variáveis altura, número de ramificações (primárias, secundárias e total), massa seca de raíz, valor SPAD (clorofilas), atividade enzimática da ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), nitrato redutase (NR), fenilalanina amonia liase (PAL), concentração de proteína total solúvel (PTS), assim como do número de vagens e grãos, massa de grãos e massa média de 100 grãos (referentes a haste, ramificações e total). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em sistema hidropônico (vasos plásticos contendo areia lavada, com adição de soluções nutritivas modificadas de Hoagland). Utilizou-se o cultivar BRS 255RR, através do delineamento casualizado em blocos, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, constituído por 2 níveis de TIBA (0 e 30 mg L-1) e 4 relações dos nutrientes P e K (0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 vezes o teor desses nutrientes na solução original de Hoagland). Para as variáveis altura, valor SPAD, atividade enzimática e concentração de PTS, considerou-se a adição do fator tempo em nível de sub-parcela. A unidade experimental foi constituída por um vaso de polietileno, com duas plantas de soja. A aplicação do TIBA foi realizada via pulverização foliar, no estádio V5, enquanto que o fornecimento das soluções nutritivas teve início a partir do 4º dia após a emergência. O TIBA promoveu a redução da altura final das plantas e da massa seca de raíz, além de promover o incremento do valor SPAD no período de transição entre as fases vegetativa e reprodutiva. Esse retardador não exerce efeito sobre os valores totais das variáveis número de vagens e grãos, massa de grãos e massa média de 100 grãos, porém, apresenta efeito sobre alguns de seus constituíntes (aumento no número de ramificações secundárias e diminuição no número de vagens e grãos e massa de grãos das ramificações). A relação de P e K igual a 2,0 afeta negativamente a maior parte das variáveis e alguns de seus constituíntes (altura, massa seca de raíz, número de ramificações primárias e total, número total de vagens e grãos, número de grãos da haste, massa de grãos da haste e total), enquanto que a relação de 1,5 afeta o número de vagens das ramificações e a massa média total de 100 grãos, respectivamente. / This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different ratios of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in morphological, physiological and productive performance of soybean plants treated with growth retardant TIBA, through the analysis of height, number of branches (primary, secondary and total), root dry weight, SPAD (chlorophyll) value, enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), nitrate redutase (NR), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), concentration of total soluble protein (TSP), as well as the number of pods and grains, weight of grains and average weight of 100 grains (refer to stem, branches and total). Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions in a hydroponic system (plastic pots containing washed sand, with the addition of modified Hoagland nutrient solution). Were used the cultivar BRS 255RR, by randomized block design, in a factorial 2 x 4, consisting of two levels of TIBA (0 and 30 mg L-1) and 4 ratios of P and K (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the content of these nutrients in the original Hoagland solution). For the variables height, SPAD value, activity and concentration of TSP, it was considered the addition of time as a factor for sub-plot. The experimental unit consisted of a polyethylene pot with two soybean plants. The application of TIBA was performed by foliar sprays at the developmental stage \"V5\", while supplying the nutrient solution started from the 4th day after emergence. TIBA caused a reduction of plant height and dry mass of roots, and promote increased SPAD values during the transition between vegetative and reproductive phases. This retardant did not affect the total values of number of pods and grains, grain weight and average weight of 100 grains, however, it showed effects on some of their constituents (increase in the number of secondary branches and a decrease in the number of pods and grains, and grain weight of the branches). The ratio of P and K equal to 2.0 adversely affects in most of the variables and some of their constituents (height, root dry weight, number of primary branches and total number of pods and grains, grain number from stem, grain weight from stem and total weight), while the ratio of 1.5 affects the number of pods from branches and total average weight of 100 grains, respectively.