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Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are stored in variable amounts (1-90 % by dry weight) in seed and non-seed tissues of various plant species. To gain insights into tissue- and species-specific regulation and biosynthesis of TAG in plants, we used 454 pyro and Illumina sequencing and generated transcriptome for eight species (brassica, castor, nasturtium, euonymus, oil palm, date palm, and avocado). In all tissues analyzed, an increased expression was noted for genes mostly associated with fatty acid biosynthesis in plastid, but much less increase in those for TAG assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, hexose metabolism in plastid, relative to cytosol, appeared to be crucial in most oil-rich tissues, which is likely associated with directing high pyruvate flux toward plastid fatty acid synthesis. We also identified that WRINKLED1 transcription factor acts as a master switch in regulating oil biosynthesis in most oil-rich seed and non-seed tissues of monocot and dicot plants, suggesting a highly conserved mechanism. Overall, our studies point to distinctive modes of regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and TAG assembly that are conserved in both seed and non-seed oil-rich plants, which can be extended to other crops for the purpose of generating biofuels.

Orientador: Luciana Francisco Fleuri / Resumo: O processamento agroindustrial brasileiro tem buscado converter cada vez mais seus resíduos em subprodutos. Neste contexto, o processamento de frutas se destaca devido à riqueza de composição das partes inicialmente consideradas resíduos, que podem incluir biomoléculas de elevado valor como enzimas e compostos bioativos. Dentre as enzimas estão as lipases que catalisam reações de hidrólise e síntese de glicerídeos e que possuem expectativas de crescimento de mercado promissoras devido à atual demanda por biocombustíveis e biorremediação. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou os resíduos do processamento de laranja para suco e verificou que esses podem ser utilizados como fontes diretas de lipases. As lipases de laranja possuem elevada atividade em reações de hidrólise e síntese, em faixa de pH ácida a alcalina (6,0 a 8,0), termoestabilidade até 50°C e afinidade por substratos de diferentes tamanhos de cadeia (p-nPP, p-NPL e PNPB); podem ser concentradas por precipitação com sulfato de amônio e imobilizadas por adsorção; apresentam efeito sinérgico com lipases fúngicas e potencial para aplicação na biorremediação de resíduos de óleo de cozinha. Os resultados obtidos estão apresentados em 5 capítulos, sendo que o primeiro é composto pela revisão bibliográfica sobre o potencial dos resíduos gerados no processamento de frutas brasileiras como fontes de lipases e a inclusão desse processo no conceito de biorrefinarias; o segundo descreve a obtenção e caracter... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazilian agroindustrial processing has sought the maximum conversion of waste into byproducts. In this context, the fruit processing stands out due to the rich composition of the parts initially considered as residues, which may include high value biomolecules such as enzymes and bioactive compounds. Among the enzymes are lipases that catalyze reactions of hydrolysis and synthesis of glycerides and which have promising market growth expectations due to the current demand for biofuels and bioremediation. In this context, the present work evaluated the wastes from processing from orange to juice and found that these can be used as direct sources of lipases. Orange lipases have high activity in hydrolysis and synthesis reactions, ranging from acid to alkaline pH (6.0 to 8.0), thermostability up to 50 ° C and affinity for substrates of different chain sizes (p-nPP, P-NPL and PNPB); this can be concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and immobilized by adsorption; and have a synergistic effect with fungal lipases and potential for application in bioremediation of cooking oil residues. The results obtained are presented in five chapters. The first one consists of the bibliographical review on the potential of the residues generated in the processing of Brazilian fruits as sources of lipases and the inclusion of this process in the concept of biorefineries; The second describes the obtaining and biochemical characterization of lipases obtained from orange residues of differe... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / X. Susan Sun / A demand in sustainable polymers has been increased because of the environment concerns and saving finite petroleum resources. Plant oils are promising renewable resources to produce environmentally friendly polymer applications. Soybean oil-based resins such as epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) have been well-known functionalized plant oils, but relatively low performances of their polymers and a competition with food production have been disadvantages. Thus, in this study, we designed new plant oil-based acrylates using non-food resources and achieved excellent properties of the acrylates for coatings and thermoset applications. Firstly, we developed coating materials with high mechanical, thermal and coating performances using acrylated epoxidized camelina oil (AECO) as a main acrylate monomer with various meth(acrylates) as reactive diluents Next, acrylated epoxidized cardanol modified fatty acids from camelina oil (AECFA) was successfully synthesized, and a phenolic structure with long aliphatic side chains with acrylic groups was obtained. The novel structure of AECFA provided rigidity into its polymer maintained with flexibility, and AECFA coating material showed better performances in terms of all properties such as mechanical, thermal, viscoelastic, and coating performances, as compared to commercial AESO resin. Finally, acrylated epoxidized allyl 10-undecenoate (AEAU) was developed from 10-undecenoic acid, castor oil derivative. The single fatty ester structure with di-functional acrylates of AEAU had very lower viscosity and showed better thermoset performances than those of triglyceride-based acrylates such as AESO and AECO. Thus, AEAU had a potential to an alternative to AESO for thermoset applications.

El producto busca entrar al mercado resaltando las características naturales, libres de químicos en su proceso de producción, contenido en vitaminas, minerales, nutrientes y ácidos grasos insaturados como omega 3 (48,6%), omega 6 (36,8%) y omega 9 (8,3%); y las contribuciones de su consumo, como la mejora del funcionamiento del sistema nervioso y del cerebro, el fortalecimiento del sistema inmunológico, sistema digestivo y sistema óseo, la reducción de problemas cardiovasculares, etc. siendo superior a otros aceites vegetales. / The following project is looking to implement a SacEl presente proyecto busca implementar una planta procesadora de aceite de sacha inchi. El objetivo principal de toda la investigación es demostrar la factibilidad del proyecto, estudiando la viabilidad de mercado, la viabilidad tecnológica y la viabilidad económica-financiera, todo bajo parámetros de impacto social positivos.ha Inchi oil processing factory. The main objective of the investigation is to demonstrate the feasibility of the project by studying the market, technology and financial viability under positive impacts on social environment. The product is searching to reach the market by its natural characteristics, free of any chemical supply in its production process, content of vitamins, minerals, nutrients and unsaturated fatty acids like Omega-3 (48,6%), Omega-6 (36,8%) and Omega-9 (8,3%); and its benefits like the improvement of systems in human body (like nervous, immune, digestive and osseous), the reductions of cardiovascular problems which make it better than other fatty acids oils. / Trabajo de investigación

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第22085号 / エネ博第393号 / 新制||エネ||76(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 晴雄, 教授 石原 慶一, 教授 川那辺 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The interest in renewable natural resources, including plant oils, has become increasingly appealing due to the oil abundance, availability, and wide range of applications for polymers and polymeric materials thereof. In this dissertation, a library of plant oil-based acrylic monomers (POBMs) with a broad range of unsaturation was synthesized using a one-step transesterification. It is demonstrated that the unsaturation degree of plant oil remains preserved during the synthesis and determines the structure and properties of POBMs. The life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted in this study to evaluate the environmental impact of soybean oil-based acrylic monomer (SBM) production. LCA was applied to provide guidance for SBM synthesis optimization, including the type of catalyst, the ratio between reactants, renewable sources (soybean oil/biodiesel), and solvent recycling. The performed LCA shows the positive effect of the inclusion of the solvent recycling step in the SBM synthesis. This study shows that POBMs behave as conventional vinyl monomers in free radical polymerization and copolymerization. The monomer unsaturation impacts polymerization rate and molecular weight of resulted polymers decreasing as follows: poly(OVM) > poly(SFM) > poly(SBM) > poly(LSM), due allylic termination presented during polymerization. A series of stable POBM-based latexes with high solid content (40-45 %) and monomer conversion (95-97 %) were synthesized using miniemulsion process. The incorporation of POBMs fragments provides the plasticizing effect on the resulting latex polymers, as seen by a noticeable decrease in their glass transition temperature (Tg). The crosslink density of POBM-based latex films follows the linear dependence vs. monomer feed unsaturation, providing a tool for controlling latex mechanical properties, including hardness, toughness, Young's modulus, etc. Besides, the presence of highly hydrophobic POBM fragments enhances water resistivity of latex coatings and films. Following the "greener" vector of research, a variety of stable latexes from high oleic soybean oil-based monomer (HOSBM) and cardanol, eugenol, and guaiacol derivatives were synthesized in miniemulsion. Resulting polymeric materials advantageously combine flexibility provided by HOSBM fragments with strength facilitated by aromatic biobased units.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20478号 / エネ博第347号 / 新制||エネ||69(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 坂 志朗, 教授 塩路 昌宏, 准教授 河本 晴雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal determinar la viabilidad tecnológica, económica, financiera y de mercado para la instalación de una planta procesadora de aceite de sacha inchi para el mercado de Estados Unidos. En el capítulo de estudio de mercado, se captó como público objetivo al mercado de Estados Unidos, específicamente, las ciudades gourmet y elitistas de Pensilvania, Nueva Jersey, Carolina del Norte, Carolina del Sur, Georgia, Nueva York, Washington y Virginia que representan el 19,5% del total de habitantes del país en estudio, con lo que se presentará una demanda del proyecto de 17.234,83 lt de aceite. Luego del análisis de macro y micro de localización, se ubicó la planta en la zona de San Martín, en el distrito de Tarapoto, en un área de 250m2. Se subcontratará el servicio de embotellado y etiquetado, así como la venta de torta de sacha inchi para engorde de pollos, a empresas externas que requieran de los servicios. Se obtendrá una utilización y eficiencia de planta de 91% y 70% respectivamente. El programa de producción con el que se cubrirá este porcentaje, será de 287,22 botellas por día, 5.744,40 botellas al mes y 68.939,72 botellas por año. Por último, según el análisis económico y financiero, se demostró la rentabilidad del proyecto. Se obtendrá un VAN económico de S/. 242.096,68 y una TIR de 37,04%. De igual manera, se hallará un VAN Financiero de S/. 266.228,63 y una TIR de 55,65 %, siendo el ente de financiamiento COFIDE / Trabajo de investigación

Atomization characteristics of liquid fuel sprays control combustion efficiency and emissions in engines. The present work is motivated by the need to study the atomization and spray structure of vegetable oil biofuels for which no data in the literature exists. In this work, various laser-based diagnostic techniques such as laser shadowgraphy, Particle/Droplet Image Analysis (PDIA) and Laser Sheet Dropsizing (LSD) are applied for studying atomization characteristics, tip penetration, droplet size and liquid volume fraction of Pongamia vegetable oil (SVO) and its blends with diesel. A constant volume high pressure spray visualization chamber is designed and fabricated to study SVO sprays at high gas pressure and temperature conditions. This optical chamber can be used for gas pressures up to 60 bar and temperatures up to 600 K. Optical access inside the chamber is provided through four quartz windows to perform various optical spray diagnostic studies. A high pressure spray injection facility based on components of common rail diesel injection system is designed. This facility can provide an injection pressure of up to 1700 bar with independent control over injection duration and timing. A marked difference is observed between diesel and SVO spray structures under atmospheric gas pressure condition. A very interesting observation related to the behavior of 100% SVO fuel when sprayed into atmospheric pressure is the presence of an intact liquid core even at injection pressure as high as 1600 bar. The presence of liquid core at high injection pressures is attributed to the high viscosity of SVOs and the non-Newtonian behavior of these oils under high pressure and shear. The spray characterization of the oil and its blends at high gas pressure shows that although the atomization is dramatically different from that at atmospheric gas pressure, it is still incomplete even at very high injection pressures. For a gas pressure of 30 bar, it is observed that the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) for Pongamia oil is more than twice that of diesel. A new method of simultaneously obtaining two-dimensional droplet size and quantitative liquid volume fraction data in sprays has been developed. Measurements with this method reveal a higher liquid volume fraction at the central axis of spray for Pongamia oil compared to that of diesel indicating potentially poor air-fuel mixing. The experimental data obtained and the spray tip penetration correlations developed for the vegetable oils and blends serve as useful inputs for fuel injection and engine system designers.