Sundays Thicket and Spekboomveld vegetation in the Eastern Cape have experienced intensive and extensive degradation due to over-browsing by domestic stock. The Subtropical Thicket Restoration Project aims to take advantage of the high carbon sequestration potential of Portulacaria afra (Spekboom) and other Thicket species, to rehabilitate degraded Thicket by restoring biodiversity and ecosystem services, create job opportunities and socio-economic upliftment in local communities, and promote the trade of carbon credits generated by planting and „farming‟ with Spekboom truncheons, rather than domestic stock. Plant material (seeds and length of stem) was sourced from the farm Krompoort, outside Uitenhage in the Eastern Cape. The effectiveness of four different rooting media i.e. plain pool filter sand and 1:1 mixtures of pool filter sand with perlite, potting soil and Thicket soil, on the rooting of ten Thicket species, were tested. Species with the greatest percentage strike and mean root length on stem cuttings were succulent species, Crassula ovata (84 percent strike) and Portulacaria afra (97 percent), as was expected. The application of rooting hormone Seradix© No. 3 did not significantly promote cutting strike or increase mean root length in C. ovata and P. afra. Woody canopy shrub species with the greatest cutting strike and mean root length, overall, were Rhigozum obovatum (24 percent), Lycium cinereum and L. oxycarpum (21 percent), and Searsia longispina (19 percent). These species, as well as Grewia robusta (4 percent), are considered „easy-to-root‟ species, or of sufficient functional value in terms of their spinescence, flower and fruit production, and soil-binding capabilities. Very low percentage strike (<1 percent) and mean root length were achieved in Azima tetracantha, Carissa bispinosa and Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha. These species are considered unsuitable for propagation for rehabilitation purposes. Crassula ovata, L. cinereum, L. oxycarpum, P. afra and S. longispina cuttings produced longer roots when planted in Thicket soil, the same having been found in R. obovatum cuttings planted in perlite. Thicket soil was, therefore, best at promoting cutting strike and root growth in „easy-to-root‟ species. Plain pool filter sand was the only medium in which A. tetracantha, C. bispinosa and G. robusta, cuttings rooted, and perlite the only medium in which G. polyacantha subsp. polyacantha cuttings rooted. Potting soil did not promote significant cutting strike or root growth in any of the species tested. Physiological variables i.e. photosynthetic efficiency (chlorophyll a fluorescence, Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance (mmol H2O m-2 s-1) were measured for ten Thicket species, including Portulacaria afra. Control plants were watered well once a week, and treatment plants were dried out for 30 days, rewatered on the 30th day and their recovery from drought stress monitored for a further 17 days. Species that responded poorly to drought stress were Gymnosporia buxifolia and Putterlickia pyracantha. In addition to Portulacaria afra, species that showed the fastest recovery and resprout after rewatering, were: Crassula ovata, Ehretia rigida, Grewia robusta, Lycium ferocissimum, Rhigozum obovatum and Searsia longispina. These species produced the smallest decline in volumetric moisture content of soil, and had the lowest decline in photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal conductance during simulated drought. Unlike C. ovata and P. afra, which are CAM or C3-CAM switching species, mortality of transplants will most likely be high, if not total, during transplantation, as this study was done at lower light and temperature, and higher humidity levels than experienced at rehabilitation sites. This study has shown that the reintroduction of propagated woody canopy shrubs and trees into degraded Thicket sites does not appear to be a practical or economical method of actively restoring biodiversity to rehabilitation sites. As woody climax species have been shown to return to sites planted with Spekboom truncheons through „natural regeneration‟ within approximately 50 years, future research efforts should focus on optimising restoration site selection and planting techniques in order to maximize carbon sequestration potential of planted truncheons, which will, in the long term, result in an environment that can support regeneration of the biodiversity to something resembling intact Thicket.

Master of Science

The objectives of this research were to examine factors influencing de novo flowering of Nicotiana on 2-3 x 10mm explants consisting of epidermal and 3-6 layers of subjacent cells (thin cell layers, TCLs) and to compare de novo to in vivo flowers. TCLs from short-day and long-day tobacco plants were compared with TCLs from day-neutral species to examine in vitro floral photoinduction and graft transmissibility of floral promoters and inhibitors. TCLs from photoperiodic species of tobacco did not form flowers de novo , whereas TCLs from day-neutral plants did flower. When TCLs were removed from photoperiodic plants and grafted in vitro to TCLs from day-neutral plants, there was no indication that a floral-promoter or inhibitor was transported through the non-vascular graft union. In vitro photoinduction of TCLs removed from photoperiodic plants was not possible under conditions conducive to in vitro flowering of TCLs from day-neutral species. TCLs taken from intraspecific F₁ and F₂ hybrids between short-day and day-neutral cultivars of N. tabacum were examined to assess the importance of genotype and photoperiod to de novo flowering. Flowering of the F₂ population occurred over a 9 week period under naturally decreasing photoperiod. Photoperiodic response and in vitro flowering were correlated in the F₂ population with fewer flowers produced per TCL with increasing short-day reaction. F₂ segregates whose TCLs did not yield de novo flowers were found among both day-neutral and short-day phenotypes. When de nova flowers were compared to in vivo flowers of diploid (2n=4x=48) N. tabacum 'Samsun' and haploid (2n=2x=24) plants derived from 'Samsun' anther culture, major morphological differences were found. Flower and anther sizes were reduced in de novo flowers and the numbers of anthers and pistils produced per flower were variable. TCLs from haploid plants produced more flowers in a shorter period of time than TCLs from diploid plants. Anthers cultured from de novo haploid plants were embryogenetic resulting in mixoploid plants; anthers from in vivo haploid flowers were not embryogenetic. Anthers from in vivo diploid plants were five times more embryogenetic than anthers from either de novo haploid or diploid flowers. Meiotic analysis revealed similar abnormalities from both in vivo and de novo microsporogenesis of haploids. / Ph. D.

3 pp. / Citrus budding is a plant propagation technique that any homeowner can do. Once the technique is learned, homeowners can add citrus tree. This publication addresses the budding techniques of citrus trees. Topics include the preparation prior to budding, selecting budsticks, storing budsticks, selecting and preparing the budding location, cutting the bud, inserting the bud in the t cut, and forcing the bud.

No description available.

Orientador: Dilermando Perecin / Coorientador: Gabriela Aferri / Coorientador: Mauro Alexandre Xavier / Banca: Ivan Antônio dos Santos / Banca: Gustavo Vitti Môro / Resumo: Os programas de melhoramento genético de cana-de-açúcar, na busca por novas cultivares, desenvolvem métodos e estratégias para acelerar a seleção nas fases iniciais de indivíduos superiores. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu na avaliação do uso de Mudas Pré-brotadas - MPB, nas fases iniciais do programa de melhoramento genético, como ferramenta para o aumento da taxa de multiplicação vegetativa. E, comparar os resultados de rendimento por área de três séries de hibridação, 2009/2010 e 2012, e de clones em validação na fase de ensaio Regional. Assim, espera-se um rápido aumento na quantidade de material propagativo, possibilitando partir de uma touceira na fase inicial para a instalação de ensaio na fase avançada do programa. Na série de hibridação 2012 do Programa Cana do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, após a seleção massal dos genótipos superiores na Fase I priorizando indivíduos filhos de dois genitores de interesse, foi selecionado um grupo de genótipos e produzidas as MPB's para instalação de um ensaio na fase subsequente. Antes da primeira colheita, foram avaliados os parâmetros qualitativos como: porte, fechamento de entrelinha e fitossanidade. A partir dessa avaliação foram selecionados 5 genótipos (G1 - redução temporal, série 2012) para compor um agrupado de clones da fase intermediária de 17 genótipos (G2 - anos sucessivos de plantio de colmos, séries 2009 e 2010). Em seguida, foram produzidas as mudas para a instalação de Ensaio Re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sugarcane breeding programs, in the search for new cultivars, develop methods and strategies to accelerate selection in the early stages of higher individuals. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of pre-budded seedlings - PBS, in the initial stages of the genetic improvement program, as a tool to increase the rate of vegetative multiplication. And, compare yield results by area of three hybridization series, 2009/2010 and 2012, and clones in validation in the regional testing phase. Thus, a rapid increase in the amount of propagation material is expected, making it possible to start from a clump in the initial phase for the test facility at the advanced stage of the program. In the 2012 hybridization series of the Cana Program of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas, after the mass selection of the superior genotypes in Phase I prioritizing individuals born to two parents of interest, a group of genotypes was selected and the PBS were produced for the installation of a test in the phase subsequent. Before the first harvest, the qualitative parameters were evaluated as: size, interlining closure and phytosanity. From this evaluation, 5 genotypes (G1 - temporal reduction, series 2012) were selected to form a group of clones of the intermediate phase of 17 genotypes (G2 - successive years of planting of stalks, 2009 and 2010 series). The seedlings were then produced for the installation of a Regional Trial in 4 locations, in a completely randomized block design, with 3 replicates, providing a greater uniformity in the experimental field installation. The use of PBS increased the evaluation area by 1,340% and reduce evaluation time. In the cane cycle of the Regional Trial there was no increment for the TSH attribute in the 2009 and 2010 series, and small gain in the series 2012. With highlig... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Master of Technology: Horticulture in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / A study was conducted to investigate the effects of: i) various media compositions and wounding treatments on the in vitro germination, growth and regeneration of Strelitzia reginae plantlets derived from zygotic embryos, ii) antioxidants, plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations and plant tissue wounding treatments on phenolic compound production. One experiment consisted of 8 medium types including different combinations of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium strength, activated charcoal and vitamin supplements. Twelve replicates were used for each treatment. In another experiment, germinated plantlets were subjected to 2 wounding treatments; (unwounded explants (control) and explants longitudinally sectioned through the apical meristem). The explants were transferred to ten different regeneration media consiting of different concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinin supplements and antioxidants. Ten replicates were used for each treatment. Results indicated the positive role of activated charcoal (AC) in reducing oxidative browning of embryo explants. The highest germination rate of embryos was observed in media containing AC without vitamin supplementation. Germination significantly decreased with the addition of vitamins. With regard to effects of various media compositions and wounding treatments on in vitro growth and regeneration of Strelitzia, significant results were achieved with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on explant discoloration and callus formation. The antioxidant treatments, activated charcoal (AC) and ascorbic acid (AA) significantly affected explant discoloration, the induction of callus and the length of roots developed. Wounding treatments affected plant height, increased explant height and callus formation. Interactions between higher NAA and BAP concentrations together with wounding resulted in the most effective treatment in reducing explant discoloration at the media contact point. Furthermore, results showed the various NAA and BAP concentrations to significantly affect phenolic exudation. The media containing the highest PGR concentration resulted in the highest phenol content. AC significantly reduced the total phenol content of media by 53%, compared with AA. Phenolic exudation was significantly increased as a result of explant wounding. Various interactions between the NAA and BAP concentrations, antioxidants and wounding affected phenolic exudation and the total phenol content of media. This study provides insight into the contributing factors and methods of overcoming the major problem of phenolic oxidation and promoting the in vitro growth and regeneration of Strelitzia.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Brasil está entre os maiores produtores mundiais de frutas, além de ser conhecido como um dos principais centros de diversidade genética de fruteiras silvestres. Na região Sul do país, a fruticultura de plantas nativas tem papel importante apesar de pouco explorada comercialmente, apresentando potencial, onde se destacam aquelas da família Myrtaceae, como a jabuticabeira. Porém, o uso da espécie para produção em pomar comercial é escasso, devido falta do conhecimento técnico para manejo, principalmente quando relacionado a intensidade de luz favorável para o crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta, lembrando que a mesma tem sua origem em mata. Dessa forma, prevalece o extrativismo e pequenos cultivos de plantas isoladas em fundos de quintal. Existem cerca de nove espécies de jabuticabeira, entre as mais conhecidas têm-se a Plinia peruviana (jabuticaba de cabinho), Plinia cauliflora (jabuticaba paulista ou jabuticaba Açu) e Plinia jaboticaba (Vell) (jabuticaba sabará). Contudo, têm-se uma no mercado denominada como híbrida que traz vantagens em relação as demais, como precocidade, número de colheitas por ano e baixo vigor, o que talvez seja indicativo para uso para obtenção de informações visando seu cultivo comercial. Com o trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, bem como, a qualidade dos frutos de jabuticabeira híbrida cultivada em diferentes condições de intensidade luminosa. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Pomar de Fruteiras Nativas, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, implantado em 2013. O delineamento experimental foi blocos a acaso, com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições, com duas plantas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo cultivo em Pleno sol, representando uma condição de pomar (PS); cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, simulando condição de dossel mais aberto, com (35% de sombreamento) (S35); cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, representando estádio em que o dossel da mata esteja se fechando, incidindo apenas irradiação solar indireta (50% de sombreamento) (S50); cobertura lateral com tela de sombreamento e superior sem cobertura, representando condição de clareira (70% sombreamento) (S70); cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, simulando condição de dossel fechado com (80% de sombreamento) (S80). Foram avaliadas mensalmente e sazonalmente variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. As variáveis físicas e bioquímicas dos frutos, casca, polpa e folhas e a atividade microbiana. O crescimento de jabuticabeiras híbridas em condição de pomar foi favorecido com o uso de malhas de sombreamento, exceto quando se aplicou a malha de 80% de sombreamento. As características físicas e químicas dos frutos e a atividade microbiana do solo não tiveram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos testados. / Brazil is among the largest producers of fruits, besides being known as one of the main centers of genetic diversity of wild fruit. In the South of the country, the fruit of native plants plays an important role despite little commercially exploited, with potential, where we highlight those of the Myrtaceae family, as jabuticabeira. However, the use of the species for production in orchard is scarce, due to the lack of technical knowledge to orchard management, especially when related to intensity of light favorable to the growth and development of the plant, remembering that it has its origin in the woods. Thus, the prevailing extraction and small plant crops in isolated backyards. There are about nine species of jabuticabeira, among the best known have to Plinia peruviana (jabuticaba cabinho), Plinia cauliflora (jabuticaba Paulista ou jabuticaba Açu) and Plinia jabuticaba (Vell) (jabuticaba sabará). However, there have been a marketing named as hybrid that brings advantages over the others, as precocity, number of harvests per year and low vigor, which may be indicative for use to obtain information aimed at its commercial cultivation. The study aims to evaluate the growth behavior and development of plants, as well as the quality of the fruits of hybrid jabuticabeira grown under different conditions of light intensity. The work will be developed in Orchard Fruit trees native of the Federal Technological University of Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, established in 2013. The experimental design will block the chance, with five treatments, four replications, with two plants each. The treatments were constituted by cultivation in Pleno sol, representing an orchard condition (PS); lateral and upper cover with shade screen, simulating a more open canopy condition, with (35% shading) (S35); lateral and upper cover with shade screen, representing a stage in which the forest canopy is closing, with only indirect solar irradiation (50% shading) (S50); lateral cover with shade and top without cover, representing clearing condition (70% shading) (S70); lateral and upper cover with shade screen, simulating closed canopy condition with (80% shading) (S80). The physical and biochemical variables of fruits, bark, pulp and leaves and the microbial activity. The growth of hybrid jabuticaba trees in orchard condition was favored by the use of shading meshes, except when the 80% shading mesh was applied. The physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits and the microbial activity of the soil did not have statistical difference between the tested treatments.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:33:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000823874.pdf: 1885134 bytes, checksum: a0f23c0166cc568f8332bdac68240779 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A enxertia é utilizada de maneira eficaz para o cultivo de espécies frutíferas comercias, uma vez que é necessário garantir as caraterísticas genéticas de espécies produtivas com o emprego de clones selecionados. Apesar da enxertia ser técnica comum e amplamente difundida, os mecanismos de compatibilidade em frutíferas lenhosas ainda não estão bem elucidados. Desta forma, o objetivo desta tese foi estudar a restabelecimento da atemoieira (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L. cv. 'Thompson') enxertada em atemoieira (A. cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L. cv. 'Thompson'), araticum-mirim [A. emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer variedade mirim, araticum-de-terra-fria [A. emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer variedade terra-fria e biribá [A. mucosa (Bail.) H. Rainer]. Após a enxertia foram realizadas avaliações das trocas gasosas; de crescimento vegetal; análises da concentração iônica de elementos minerais no tecido foliar e radicular; determinações das concentrações de compostos fenólicos totais e atividade da peroxidase; expressão do gene UGP e atividade enzimática da UDP-glicose pirofosforilase. Os porta-enxertos modularam as trocas gasosas alterando a eficiência de carboxilação e a transpiração. Variações no crescimento e nas concentrações de elementos essenciais em folhas e raízes também foram observadas em função das combinações copa/porta-enxerto. Em relação a atividade da peroxidase, observou-se aumento no porta-enxerto araticum-mirim em relação às demais espécies. Por outro lado, não foram verificadas diferenças nas concentrações de compostos fenólicos nas regiões enxertadas, no entanto tais concentrações foram maiores do que nos péfrancos. A enxertia alterou a expressão do gene UGP, o que indica a possibilidade de maior formação de tecido de parede celular, sendo que a combinação atemoia enxertada ... / Grafting is used efficiently for the commercial cultivation of fruit species, because it is necessary to ensure the genetic characteristics of productive species with the use of selected clones. Although grafting is common and widespread technique, mechanisms for compatibility in woody fruit are not well elucidated. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to study of restoring of atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. x A.squamosa L. cv. 'Thompson') grafted onto atemoya (A. cherimola Mill. x Annona squamosa L. cv. 'Thompson'), araticum-mirim [A. emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'variety mirim'], araticum-de-terra-fria [A. emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'variety terra-fria'] and biribá [A. mucosa (Bail.) H. Rainer]. After grafting were evaluated gas exchange; plant growth; ionic concentration of mineral elements in the leaf and root tissues; determinations of the concentrations of phenolic compounds and peroxidase activity; UGP gene expression and enzymatic activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase). Rootstocks modulate gas exchange by altering the carboxylation efficiency and transpiration, without, however showed favorable water economy. Changes in growth and concentrations of mineral elements in leaves and roots were also observed as a function of scion/rootstock combinations. In relation to the peroxidase activity, there was an increase in 'araticum-mirim' rootstock in relation to other species. Moreover, there were no differences in the concentrations of phenolic compounds in the grafted union, although these concentrations were higher than in rootstock. Grafting altered UGP gene expression, and the combination atemoya grafted onto 'araticum-de-terra-fria' (previously regarded as compatible combination) showed an increase in gene expression since the early stages after grafting. The results showed that there UGPase enzymatic activity, but there is no difference in this activity between different scion/ rootstock ... / FAPESP: 11/00853-8

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793799.pdf: 2234744 bytes, checksum: 5ab406fb35431ccf15b651488b1b2090 (MD5) / O pinhão manso pode ser propagado de forma vegetativa através de estacas e enxertia ou via seminífera. Por ser uma planta de polinização cruzada, quando propagado via sementes origina indivíduos com alta variabilidade genética, produção mais tardia, no entanto com desenvolvimento de raiz pivotante, o que confere às plantas maior vigor e resistência a secas prolongadas. Quando propagado vegetativamente apresenta as mesmas características da planta mãe, desenvolvem apenas raízes secundárias, e são mais precoces na produção de frutos. A técnica da enxertia também confere maior precocidade às plantas enxertas, com a vantagem de poder combinar resistência do porta enxerto com produtividade do enxerto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver técnicas de propagação para pinhão manso através de estacas, sistemas de enxertia e sementes. Foram desenvolvidos 4 experimentos, sendo que o primeiro experimento avaliou o pegamento por meio de avaliações do desenvolvimento vegetativo de diferentes tipos de estacas (basal, mediana e apical) de pinhão manso em dois tipos de substratos (areia e vermiculita). O segundo avaliou o enraizamento de estacas (basal, mediana e apical) provenientes de ramos armazenados em condições ambientes por 30 e 60 dias. O terceiro experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito do antioxidante ácido cítrico nos cortes antes da realização da enxertia e o uso de dois sistemas de fixação dos enxertos, barbante e gaze. O último experimento avaliou a germinação de sementes e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de pinhão manso em função do ambiente e do tempo de armazenamento das sementes. Quando propagado por estacas e utilizando diferentes substratos para enraizamento, as estacas basais de pinhão manso proporcionam uma maior porcentagem de estacas vivas, assim como estacas instaladas em vermiculita também apresentaram uma maior porcentagem de ... / Jatropha can be propagated vegetatively by cuttings and grafting or by seeds. It is a allogamous plant, when propagated via seed originates progenies with high genetic variability, later production, but with developed tap root which gives great plant vigor and resistance to prolonged drought. When propagated vegetatively presents the same characteristics as the parental plant, just secondary roots were developed, but with early fruit production. The technique of grafting also gives more precocity to the plants, with the advantage of combining rootstock resistance with the graft yield. The present study aimed to develop techniques for Jatropha propagation by cuttings, grafting and seed systems. Four experiments were conducted, and the first one aimed to test the rooting and vegetative development of plants from different types of cuttings (basal, middle and apical) on two types of substrates (sand and vermiculite). The second evaluated the rooting of cuttings (basal, middle and apical) from branches stored in ambient conditions for 30 and 60 days. The third experiment aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of citric acid in cuts before grafting and the use of two systems for setting grafts string and gauze. The last experiment evaluated seed germination and early seedling development of Jatropha as a function of environment and time of seed storage.When propagated by cuttings and using different substrates for rooting, Jatropha basal cuttings provide a higher percentage of living cuttings, as well as cuttings installed in vermiculite also had a higher percentage of survival. At the end of the experiment the basal cuttings were superior to others in all variables analyzed, as well as those in vermiculite. Regarding storage of Jatropha branches for later use, it is concluded that the storage of Jatropha branches up to 30 days is feasible under the conditions studied andthe basal part of the cuttings ...