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The protein concentration of cereal grains is low and the production of cereal crops with increased grain protein concentrations is desirable. This work investigates the physiological aspects of protein accumulation potential in barley grain. A recently developed perfusion system was used in four experiments conducted in 1993 and 1994. In the field experiment, plants were allowed to take up urea at 15 or 30 mM N, or ethephon at 15 $ mu$ M. Abscisic acid and 2,4-D decreased total seed weight spike$ sp{-1}$. Gibberellic acid and 2,4-D increased seed protein concentration and content, while ABA decreased both of these. Kinetin and abscisic acid treatments resulted in the highest and lowest levels, respectively for flag leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and intercellular CO$ sb2$ concentration. Both protein content spike$ sp{-1}$ and seed protein concentration were elevated in plants fertilized with 10.7 mM N via the soil and plants perfused with 30 mM N via the peduncle. Plants receiving treatments of 10.7 mM N from the soil and mixture of 30 mM N and GA$ sb3$ or 2,4-D through the peduncle had increased protein content seed$ sp{-1}$, and the highest seed weight spike$ sp{-1}$, respectively. Peduncle perfusion with 30 mM N increased spike protein concentration and content and grain protein concentration without affecting seed weight spike$ sp{-1}$. Grain protein concentration was increased by peduncle perfusion with ethephon. The perfusion technique worked well under field conditions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Bibliography: leaves 142-164 / xxi, 165 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1985

xx, 65 leaves : graphs ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agricultural Biochemistry, 1979

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:24:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-31. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:47:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000846843.pdf: 2165230 bytes, checksum: ab9198f9a55c917b25a89ffa7ed83969 (MD5) / A espécie Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' possui grande potencial como porta-enxerto para o híbrido atemoia (Annona cherimola Mill. x Annona squamosa L.), conferindo resistência contra a broca do tronco, característica dependente de seus metabolismos primário e secundário. O nitrogênio é um elemento essencial na síntese de aminoácidos, proteínas, entre elas, a Ribulose 1,5 - difosfato (Rubisco), ácidos nucleicos, clorofila e metabolitos secundários, entre outros importantes constituintes celulares. Além dessas funções, deve ser considerada sua relação de competição com o CO2 e síntese de terpenos, por agentes redutores e esqueletos carbônicos. Deste modo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da variação do nível de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva, na produtividade e composição de voláteis foliares durante o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de A. emarginata. Para o estudo da produtividade foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas, a atividade das enzimas nitrato redutase, catalase, peroxidade, superóxido dismutase, a peroxidação lipídica, a produção de massa seca de raiz, caule e folhas, área foliar, diâmetro de caule, razão de área foliar, taxa de assimilação líquida, taxa de crescimento relativo, peso específico de folhas, distribuição de massa seca para os diferentes órgãos do vegetal, razão de massa foliar e a composição de voláteis extraídos das folhas. As plantas cultivadas com níveis intermediários de nitrogênio apresentaram maior eficiência de carboxilação e taxa de assimilação de CO2. A atividade da nitrato redutase variou com os diferentes níveis de nitrogênio a que as plantas foram submetidas. No maior nível de nitrogênio utilizado, as plantas com menor produtividade, demostraram competição entre a fixação de nitrogênio, assimilação de CO2 e síntese de terpenos. A atividade das ... / The species Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' has great potential as a rootstock for this hybrid atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. X Annona squamosa L.) conferring resistance to stem borer. This resistance may be related to primary and secondary metabolisms. Nitrogen is an essential element on the synthesis of amino acids, proteins such as Ribulose 1,5 - diphosphate (Rubisco), nucleic acids, chlorophyll, secondary metabolites, and other important cellular constituents. Besides these functions, it should be considered competing relation to CO2 by reducing agents and carbon skeleton. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of variation in the level of nitrogen in the nutrient solution on yield and composition of the leaf volatile during the early development of seedlings of A. emarginata. To study the productivity gas exchange were evaluated, the activities of nitrate reductase, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, the dry weight of roots, stems and leaves, leaf area, stem diameter ratio leaf area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf specific weight, dry weight distribution to different organs of the plant, leaf mass ratio and the composition of volatiles extracted from the leaves. Plants grown with intermediate levels of nitrogen had higher carboxylation efficiency and CO2 assimilation rate. Nitrate reductase activity varied with different levels of nitrogen that the plants were submitted. In the largest amount of nitrogen, plants with lower productivity, demonstrated competition between nitrogen fixation, CO2 assimilation and synthesis of terpenes. The activity of antioxidant enzymes prevented lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to different levels of nitrogen. Gas exchange, the activity of nitrate reductase and antioxidant enzymes in plants grown with 78.75 and 118.12 mg L-1 N contributed their best ...

The greater photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of C4 compared with C3 plants may explain the relative success of C4 grasses in nutrient poor environments. This study compared the responses in photosynthetic parameters, leaf nitrogen and biomass allocation between the C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata supplied soil nitrogen at three levels. Photosynthesis was assessed by means of CO2 response curves and the leaf nitrogen content assayed. Plants were destructively harvested, leaf areas determined and the dry biomass of functional plant components was measured. Results confirmed that the higher PNUE of C4 plants allowed them to accumulate more biomass than C3 plants at the high nitrogen level, despite smaller leaf areas. The greater productivity of C4 plants enabled them to invest more in storage and sexual reproduction than in leaves when compared to the C3 plants. In contrast the C3 plants invested biomass in less efficient and more nitrogen demanding leaves and bigger root systems. PNUE and photosynthetic rates were not significantly affected by nitrogen-limitation in either subspecies and the major response was a decrease in biomass accumulation and an increase in biomass allocation to roots. This altered root to shoot ratio was accompanied by a lowered allocation to sexual reproduction in the C4 subspecies, but an unaltered allocation to leaves, while in the C3 subspecies there was a decrease in leaf allocation. In a further experiment, the C4 subspecies was supplied three levels of nitrogen provided as nitrate, or alternatively as ammonium plus nitrate, and leaves were excised to within 5 cm of the ground at the start of treatment. Prior to flowering, photosynthesis was assessed by means of CO2 response curves and the plants were destructively harvested. Leaf areas and the dry biomass of functional plant components were determined, and at levels of nitrogen supply higher than those found in savanna soils the rate of photosynthesis was increased. Leaf re-growth was reduced by severe nitrogen limitation and co-provision of nitrate and ammonium had no significant effect other than increased tillering. Both subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata are adapted to nutrient poor environments and maintain photosynthetic rates by reducing leaf area. The C4 subspecies is likely to show greater resilience in disturbance-prone environments by exploiting its higher PNUE to allocate greater resources to storage and sexual reproduction, while the C3 subspecies is usually found in environments with closed canopies which favour vegetative growth, and allocate greater resources to leaves and roots.