Promotionsarbeit--Eidgenössische technische, Zürich. / At head of title: Prom. Nr. 2242. Vita. Bibliography, p. 97-99.

Bibliography: leaves 142-164 / xxi, 165 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1985

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (M Eng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Industrial and Systems Engineering / unrestricted

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Orientadores: Christiane de Arruda Rodrigues, Rodnei Bertazzoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_JulianaPiresde_M.pdf: 2352216 bytes, checksum: 36449200a80f1740bb7e26db1412d9de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Na indústria de cloro-soda, há um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de tecnologias que resultem numa redução do consumo de energia destinado ao processo de produção de cloro. As células eletroquímicas empregadas no processo cloro-soda são: Mercúrio, Diafragma e Membrana. Atualmente está havendo uma substituição progressiva dos processos empregando mercúrio e difragma por células com membranas trocadoras de íons, pois este processo apresenta melhor eficiência, menor gasto energético e a não geração de resíduos tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho envolve a aplicação de eletrodos de difusão gasosa (EDG) modificado com catalisador ferro para a redução do oxigênio, visando à otimização da produção de cloro e maior economia energética nos processos de cloro-soda. Na produção do EDG empregou-se a adição de catalisador ferro nas seguintes proporções: 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% (m/m) em relação à massa de carbono Printex 6L. Duas granulometrias de partículas do catalisador Fe foram empregadas para o preparo dos eletrodos. Ensaios voltamétricos foram realizados para avaliar o efeito da introdução do catalisador de Fe no EDG na reação de redução do oxigênio, além de identificar qual a melhor concentração de Fe e granulometria do catalisador. Os ensaios de voltametria foram realizados em uma célula de compartimento único na temperatura de 25 ºC e solução de trabalho NaOH 320 g/L. Em seguida, ensaios de eletrólises foram realizados para avaliar o desempenho dos EDG, modificado ou não com catalisador Fe, na geração de cloro e DDP da célula, empregando as melhores condições de operação encontradas nos estudos voltamétricos. Os ensaios de eletrólise foram realizados em uma célula com dois compartimentos, separados por uma membrana catiônica Náfion® N242. Nos ensaios de eletrólise foi utilizada uma solução de NaOH 320 g/L, com temperatura de 25 ºC, no compartimento catódico e no compartimento anódico, uma solução de NaCl 250 g/L com temperatura de 70 ºC. A condição de trabalho que apresentou maior redução do consumo de energia e maior geração de cloro foi empregando o EDG com 10% Fe com tamanho de partículas em torno de 0,16 mm2. Comparado ao EDG sem catalisador, verificou-se uma redução no gasto energético de aproximadamente 66%. Isto comprova que o metal de transição Fe atua como o centro ativo e que a atividade eletrocatalítica depende principalmente das propriedades redox do eletrodo modificado / Abstract: The interesting in the developing of technologies that contribute in a reduction of energy consumption in chlor-alkali process is growing. The electrochemical cells used in production of chlorine area: Mercury, Diaphragm and membrane. Currently, the mercury and diaphragm cell have been replaced for membrane technology because this cell is more efficient, presents low energy consumption and does not generate toxic waste. The main of this work involves the investigation the performance of gaseous diffusion electrodes modified with particles of iron, for reduction of oxygen in the production of chorine during the electrolysis of brine. In preparing the cathodes of diffusion of oxygen, was used a mass precursor, composed of carbonaceous pigment Printex and suspension of the PTFE powder. The catalyst was introduced in form of Fe metal power in the following percentages: 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% (m/m). For sintering of the electrode of gaseous diffusion (GDE) was weighed 0.2 g of mass precursor and placed on the mold. The mold was heated to a temperature of 340ºC for the sintering of the electrode, under pressure of 146 Kgf/cm2 for 2 hours. After sintering, the electrodes were tested for permeability. In next stage, the electrodes of gaseous diffusion were used in voltammetric studies to examine the influence of catalyst in the reactions of reduction of oxygen in the GDE and identify the best grain size and percentage of iron in electrode. Then, the tests were performed using a single cell compartment, with the type DSA® as counter electrode and the Ag/AgCl as reference electrode in 320 g/L NaOH solution at 25ºC. After, the electrolysis were performed using constant current electrolysis to the GDE or pyrolytic graphite as cathode and DSA® as anode. These tests were carried out in a cell with two compartments, separated by a membrane cationic Nafion N242. The anolyte was a solution of 250 g/L NaCl at 70 ºC and the catholyte was a solution of 320 g/L NaOH, at 25 ºC. During the electrolysis the chorine dissolved in the form of hypochlorite and chlorine gas were quantified by iodometry titration. The electrode that had a better performance in chlorine generation and lower energy consumption was modified with Fe 10% (m/m) with small particle size. This electrode shown around 66% reduction of energy consumption when compared to GDE without iron metal catalyst. This behavior proves that the transition metal Fe acting as the active center and that the electrocatalytic activity depends mainly on the redox properties of the modified electrode / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry) / In this study, graphene oxide was synthesized by oxidizing graphite using the modified Hummer's method. The graphene oxide was characterized by Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction for structural and morphological properties. The graphene oxide was electrochemically reduced on a carbon paste electrode followed by the in situ deposition of mercury thin films to achieve electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste metal film electrodes (ERGO-CP-MEs). The experimental parameters (amplitude, deposition time, deposition potential, frequency and rotation speed) were optimized, and the applicability of the modified electrode was investigated towards the simultaneous and individual determination of TI1+ and In3+ at the low concentration levels (?g L-1) in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The detection limit values for individual analysis at electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste mercury film electrode (ERGO-CP-HgE ) was 2.4 and 1.1 ?g L-1 for TI1+ and In3+, respectively. The detection limit values for simultaneous analysis at ERGO-CPE was 1.32 and 1.33 ?g L-1 and individual analysis was 0.975 and 1.04 ?g L-1 for TI1+ and In3+, respectively.