A field and pot culture study was undertaken in an attempt to determine the effect of saline solabeya water on soil salination, gatch formation and plant uptake of nutrients. Three gatch and three sandy soil profile samples were used in this studyo The soil samples were virgin profile 'A' samples from the Experim.ental Farm Extension, cultivated profile 'B' samples from. the Experim.ental Farm and cultivated profile '0' samples from Bid'a Nursery of the Education Department. The gatch samples were collected from sites 'A', '0' and plot No.6, of the Experimental Farm. Extension, Bidta Nursery and Experimental Farm respectively. Three indicator plants Lettuce (Lactuca sativa, variety Great Lakes), green beans (Phaseolus vulgariS, variety Black Valentine), and Petunia (Petunia hybrida) were used. The effect of soil texture, change in the reaction of the medium, concentration of solabeya saline water and soil solution on gatch formation were studied. A coarse sandy subsoil horizon high in silica constituted the proper medium for gatch formation. The major cementing agents were silica and the carbonates and hydroxides of calcium and magnesium. Alumina, iron oxide and gypsum. playa minor role in cementation due to their low concentration. An increase in the alkaline reaction and concentration of the saline solution favored precipitation of potential cementing agents present as soluble constituents of the medium. The presence of gatch and use of solabeya saline water lead to the formation of saline perched water table and soil salination. Different irrigation waters, representing various dilutions of solabeya saline water were used for irrigation of pot cultures. Different increments of nutrient solutions, supplying nitrogen, phosphorus, P9tassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium were applied to the respective treatments of the pot cultures. The development, sequence of appearance, and severity of visual symptoms of general salinity effect showed direct corrolation with salt sensitivity of the indicator plant and the degree of salinity of the medium. In all cases, the symptoms were earlier and more severe in bean, followed by lettuce and petunia. As a result of cationic and anionic antagonism and an increase in the salinity of the medium, plant uptake of N, P, Ca, K, Fe and Mn was reduced, as revealed by the level of these elements in the leaves of the indicator plants, whereas the levels of Mg, Na, B, Cl, and SO₄ increased in the leaves of the indicator plants. The application of different increments of N, P, Ca, and K to the respective treatments of the indicator plant cultures resulted in a relative increase in the level of these elements in the leaves and a specific decrease in the level of the antagonistic elements. But, due to the effect of the increase in salinity of the medium of the respective treatments, and decrease in yield of green weight, the level of these elements maintained a gradual specific decrease in. the leaves.

Thesis (MTech (Horticulture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / The exact responses to the concentration of compost tea extract and methods of irrigation application were not previously measured on Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. Commercial exploitation, habitat loss and degradation, overharvesting, and enhancement of their medicinal properties, have led to this investigation and the need to replenish both these valuable plant species. This is crucial for plant survival, especially in the wild and for use of the traditional medicinal plants. Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Siphonochilus aethiopicus, known as star flower and wild ginger respectively continue to decline, due to overharvesting from their natural habitat. Both these species have tremendous traditional medicinal value among localized African people. To enhance their commercial cultivation, compost tea extracts, in the following ratios (no catalyst added (control1); T 1000:1, T750:1, T500:1, and T250:1L) were applied in equal dosages to determine an optimal compost tea extract ratio. The experiment was conducted in a temperature controlled greenhouse. Mushroom compost (500 g, per brew) was used for all extracts. Brewing was done with no catalyst added (Control 1), and 24 hours later another brew was done with catalyst added, weekly for 20 weeks. The Control treatment received water only. Both species were slow growing and comparatively, the Hypoxis plants responded faster than the Siphonochilus plants. In this investigation, plant growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length and leaf colour, were measured and evaluated. Despite the plants positive response to the mushroom compost tea extracts, across all the above plant growth parameters, no significant differences were noted between the treatments during the twenty-week application period. Leaf chlorophyll content peaked in week 11 of the hypoxis plants and was the highest in week 14 of the Siphonochilus plants with no significant interaction between weeks vs. treatment over the twenty-week experiment. The chlorophyll readings indicate that both species increased their chlorophyll production over time. Although the total wet leaf length, root length, corm diameter, leaf weight, corm weight and root weight of Hypoxis were non-significant between treatments, T500:1 total wet weight was significantly higher when compared to the rest of the treatments. The total dry weight analysis of hypoxis was non-significant. Control Calcium level was significantly lower between the control and the treatments of the Hypoxis total dry leaf nutrient analysis. The Hypoxis dried roots nutrient analysis was non-significant across treatments.

by Chen Li. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-152). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Orientador: Rogério Peres Soratto / Coorientador: Adalton Mazetti Fernandes / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Tiago Aranda Catuchi / Banca: Maria da Conceição Santana Carvalho / Resumo: Conhecimentos sobre a extração e exportação de nutrientes são importantes para definição do manejo da adubação nas culturas agrícolas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o acúmulo de matéria seca (MS) e o acúmulo de nitrogênio (N) durante ciclo, a produtividade de grãos e a exportação de N por cultivares de feijão-comum de ciclo normal e precoce, bem como as repostas das cultivares de feijão-comum de ciclo precoce aos manejos da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no município de Botucatu - SP, nos anos de 2016 e 2017, em solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho distrófico. No experimento I, foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram compostas por cultivares de feijão-comum [Pérola (ciclo normal), IAC Imperador, IPR Andorinha e IPR Curió (ciclo precoce)] e as subparcelas por sete de amostragens realizadas durante o ciclo da cultura [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 77 e 84 DAE (dias após a emergência)]. No experimento II, foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos a partir da combinação fatorial 3x7, sendo três cultivares de feijão-comum de ciclo precoce (IAC Imperador, IPR Andorinha e IPR Curió) e sete manejos da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura [M1: testemunha - sem aplicação de N em cobertura; M2: 90 kg ha-1 de N em V3; M3: 90 kg ha-1 de N em V4; M4: 45 kg ha-1 de N em V3 + 45 kg ha-1 de N em R5; M5:... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Knowledge on nutrient uptake and removal is important for the management of fertilization in agricultural crops. The objective of this work was to study dry matter (DM) accumulation and nitrogen (N) accumulation during cycle, grain yield and N removal by normal and short cycle common bean cultivars, as well as the responses of short cycle common bean cultivars to N fertilization. Two experiments were carried out in the city of Botucatu, state of São Paulo, during the years 2016 and 2017, in a Typic Rhodudalf soil. The experiment I was arranged in a randomized complete block design, with split plots and four replications. Plots were composed of four common bean cultivars [Pérola (normal cycle), IAC Imperador, IPR Andorinha and IPR Curió (short cycle)] and the subplots for seven sampling periods during the common bean development cycle (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 77, and 84 days after emergency (DAE)). The experiment II was arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The treatments were constituted from the factorial combination 3x7, with three cultivars of short cycle common bean (IAC Imperador, IPR Andorinha, IPR Curió) and seven managements of the N fertilization [M1: without N application in coverage; M2: 90 kg ha-1 N at V3; M3: 90 kg ha-1 N at V4; M4: 45 kg ha-1 N at V3 + 45 kg ha-1 N at R5; M5: reference treatment for chlorophyll readings, with 90 kg ha-1 N at V3 + 90 kg ha-1 N at R5; M6: treatment that received N application (30 kg ha-1) only when the chlorophyllometer readings indicated a N sufficiency index <90%, in relation to the M5 treatment; M7: application of 90 kg ha-1 N on the day of sowing)]. In experiment I, common bean cultivars showed differences for DM and N accumulation during the development cycle. The maximum DM and N accumulation in the aboveground of the cvs. IAC Imperador, IPR Andorinha and IPR Curió occurred earlier than in cv. Perola ... / Doutor

No description available.

The family Proteaceae is distributed predominantly in the south-western Cape Province of South Africa and south-western and south-eastern Australia, areas which fall within the climate term mediterranean ecosystems. A major characteristic of these areas is the low level of total nutrients in the soil, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. In their natural habitat, therefore, Proteaceae occur on well-drained and highly leached soils of low nutrient status. Efficient nutrient cycling processes, combined with morphological adaptations designed to facilitate maximum absorption of available nutrients (for example, proteoid roots in the Proteaceae), conserve the limited nutrients available, allowing for the continued growth of these shrubs under conditions of low nutrient availability. In recent years, flowers of certain species of Proteaceae have become popular as cut-flowers. As a result, many species of Proteaceae are currently cultivated worldwide, under conditions that match as closely as possible those found in mediterranean ecosystems. Traditionally, the shrubs are cultivated on nutrient poor soils and of concern is the loss of nutrients through the removal of flowers for commercial sale. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate growth and mineral cycling in the proteaceaous shrub, Protea neriifolia R.Br., cultivated in a summer rainfall area in South Africa. Nutrient loss through flower removal and its effect on nutrient cycling was quantified. Optimum levels of ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for the growth of P. neriifolia seedlings was determined and this formed the basis for the fertilization of mature P. neriijolia shrubs. The effects of inorganic fertilizers on growth and mineral cycling in mature P. neriijolia shrubs was monitored and the effectiveness of inorganic fertilizers, applied to redress nutrient loss, assessed. The primary response of seedlings of P. neriifolia to applied ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was to ammonium nitrogen, with increased growth with increasing levels of applied ammonium nitrogen, to a maximum of 7 mM applied as 60 ml per week. Seedling response to applied phosphorus and potassium became noticeable only at higher levels of ammonium nitrogen supply, and at these levels seedlings were observed to respond favourably to relatively high phosphorus (0.65 mM) and potassium (1.25 mM) levels, also applied as 60 ml per week. Since nitrate nitrogen has been shown to be toxic to certain Proteaceae it was not tested in this investigation. However, results from the nursery trial suggested favourable P. neriijolia growth with a non-nitrate inorganic fertilizer with an NPK ratio of approximately 5: 1:3 (mass basis) and this was used as a basis for testing the effects of inorganic fertilizers on growth and nutrient cycling in mature P. neriijolia shrubs. Growth and nutrient cycling was monitored in mature P. neriijolia shrubs for four years: two years prior to the application of inorganic fertilizers and two years with the application of inorganic fertilizers, including unfertilized control shrubs. Two inorganic fertilizer preparations were tested. Both had as their base the commercial slow-release urea based fertilizer, Plantosan, which has an NPK ratio of 5: 1:3. This was supplemented with either ammonium sulphate or urea at a rate of 80 g per running metre every three months. Whole shrub dimensions showed similar growth of P. neriijolia shrubs cultivated in a summer rainfall area to the growth of the species in its natural habitat. Applied fertilizers did appear to increase growth, although these results became apparent only after 18 months. As recorded in other Proteaceae, the stem length of all shrubs decreased with increasing age of the shrubs although this decrease was less in shrubs receiving inorganic fertilizers. Branching did not appear to be affected by shrub age or the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, shrub reproductive productivity did increase with age, with greater increases in fertilized shrubs. Furthermore, flowers from fertilized shrubs were larger than those from unfertilized shrubs, although this phenomenon also only became apparent after 18 months. There was also a change in nutrient allocation patterns with those shrubs growing on soils of lowest nutrient availability directing more resources to root growth. This appeared to occur at the expense of stem material which, in each case, accounted for more than 50% of the total shrub biomass.Although shrub age and the application of fertilizers did influence total shrub growth, the timing of growth events were not affected. They were, however, not synchronous to growth events in P. neriijolia growing in its natural habitat. Vegetative growth showed a peak in early spring (September) and the peak reproductive period was in autumn (March, April and May). Maximum litter production (comprising more than 90% leaf litter) occurred in late autumn to early summer (May to December) and this, too, was not affected by shrub age or the application of inorganic fertilizers. Proteoid root occurrence was greatest in late winter/spring (August to November), co-incident with peak above-ground vegetative growth. There are two models that have been developed to describe the growth of overstorey shrubs in mediterranean ecosystems. In the first, the availability of nutrients is described as being of over-riding importance in determining growth events, while in the second model, soil moisture and temperature are regarded as primary growth detenninants. Neither model could adequately explain the shift in phenophase observed in P. neriifolia cultivated in a summer rainfall area. However, soil moisture and temperature do appear more important in determining phenophase events, particularly since the application of inorganic fertilizers did not appear to alter the timing of these growth events. Nevertheless, the importance of nutrients cannot be ignored as growth can occur only provided sufficient nutrients are available. Seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations of leaf, stem, floret and bract material were observed both prior to and after the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, of importance is that only shrubs receiving Plantosan plus ammonium sulphate retained comparable nutrient levels in tissue types compared with nutrient levels in the corresponding tissue types prior to the application of inorganic fertilizers. Shrubs receiving Plantosan plus urea and unfertilized shrubs had lower nutrient levels suggesting growth at the expense of previously absorbed nutrients. This was supported by a change in nutrient allocation patterns, particularly more nutrients in below-ground biomass in shrubs of the latter two treatments. The cycling of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was measured prior to and after the application of inorganic fertilizers. During nutrient cycling, the amount of nitrogen circulated was larger than the amount of potassium which, in turn, was larger than the amount of phosphorus. Three nutrient pools, in the above- and below-ground biomass and the soil, were measured and these comprise the plant/soil system. Inputs into the plant/soil system measured were from rainfall and inorganic fertilizers. Nutrient flows within the plant/soil system measured were leaching, due to rainfall, from the shrub onto the soil, litter production and decomposition, and nutrient uptake by the shrubs, into above- and below-ground nutrient pools. Losses from the plant/soil system recorded in this study were losses from the soil through stream-water, and the largest loss, loss through the removal of flowers for commercial sale. In the absence of flower harvesting the flow of nutrients in the plant/soil system, combined with inputs from rainfall, appeared adequate for the continued growth of the shrubs. However, in the presence of flower harvesting there appeared to be a nutrient budget deficit. This deficit appeared to worsen with increasing shrub age and increasing reproductive productivity in the absence of inorganic fertilizer applications. This was confirmed by nutrient depletion from the soil available nutrient pool. Although inorganic fertilizers did not dramatically alter soil total nutrient pools, soil levels of soluble nitrogen and available phosphorus did show slight increases but not in accordance with the levels of fertilizers applied. It is likely that a high proportion of the applied fertilizers was lost to the plant/soil system before becoming available to the system. This could have occurred through leaching through the soil profile although this was not measured in this study. Nevertheless, inorganic fertilizers did appear to compensate for nutrient loss through the removal of flowers for commercial sale, and the ammonium sulphate supplemented preparation resulted in the most favourable response. Due to a number of cultivation practices which affected the growth of the P. neriifolia shrubs, results are not always strictly comparable with natural systems. However, a number of results obtained in this invegstigation do have horticultural implications and these are briefly discussed with regard to the cultivation of the Proteaceae, particularly P. neriifolia cultivation. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1991.

No description available.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1974. / Bibliography: leaves 191-204. / xvii, 204 leaves ill

Orientador: Lázara Cordeiro / Banca: Marlene Aparecida Schiavinato / Banca: Maria Rita Scotti Muzzi Marques Leitão / Resumo: Algumas leguminosas formam simbiose mutualística com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio e com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. Conseqüentemente, estas plantas podem crescer mais rapidamente, além de enriquecer o solo com nitrogênio, fósforo e outros nutrientes. O presente trabalho analisou a nodulação, colonização micorrízica, crescimento e desenvolvimento iniciais de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Brenan. (angico-branco); Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (espinho-de-maricá); Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho); Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell. Conc.) Morong (tamboril); Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (ingá); Platypodium elegans Vogel (jacarandá-banana) e Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl (embira-de-sapo), usando solo de mata ciliar não esterilizado, adubação mineral e inoculação de rizóbio e micorriza, em viveiro. Todas as espécies foram colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos (inoculados e nativos) e nodularam. Somente P. rigida e P. elegans não apresentaram nodulação espontânea. A adição de nitrogênio mineral inibiu o número e a massa seca de nódulos, a atividade da nitrogenase e o teor de leg-hemoglobina em todas as espécies. A adição de fósforo mineral diminuiu a colonização micorrízica somente em A. colubrina e M. bimucronata. A inoculação dos fungos não afetou o crescimento das plantas e não favoreceu a absorção de fósforo; entretanto, a inoculação de rizóbio favoreceu a nodulação de A. colubrina e a nodulação e crescimento de M .bimucronata, L. muehlbergianus e E. contortisiliquum em tratamentos inoculados apenas com rizóbio ou conjuntamente com fungo micorrízico. / Abstract: Some legumes develop mutualistic symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. As a result, these plants can grow more rapidly and also to amend the soil with nitrogen, phosphorus and others nutrients. The present study examined the nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, initial growth and development of seven species: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Brenan. (angico-branco); Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (espinho-de-maricá); Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico- vermelho); Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell. Conc.) Morong (tamboril); Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (ingá); Platypodium elegans Vogel (jacarandá-banana) and Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl (embira-de-sapo), using riparian forest soil non-sterilized, mineral fertilization and inoculation of rhizobia and mycorrhiza, in the nursery. All species were colonized by mycorrhizal fungus (inoculated and native) and were nodulated. Only P. rigida and P. elegans did not show spontaneous nodulation. The mineral nitrogen added inhibited nodules number and dry weight, nitrogenase activity and leghemoglobin content in all species. The mineral phosphorus added diminished the mycorrhizal colonization only in A. colubrina and M. bimucronata. Fungi inoculation did not affect the plants growth and neither support the P uptake; however, rhizobial inoculation supported the nodulation of A. colubrina and the nodulation and growth of M. bimucronata, L. muehlbergianus and E. contortisiliquum in inoculated treatments only with rhizobia or associated with mycorrhizal fungusinoculation. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 patreze_cm_me_rcla.pdf: 754218 bytes, checksum: 51d924a90a7565956fdd48fee66c47c4 (MD5) / Algumas leguminosas formam simbiose mutualística com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio e com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. Conseqüentemente, estas plantas podem crescer mais rapidamente, além de enriquecer o solo com nitrogênio, fósforo e outros nutrientes. O presente trabalho analisou a nodulação, colonização micorrízica, crescimento e desenvolvimento iniciais de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Brenan. (angico-branco); Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (espinho-de-maricá); Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho); Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell. Conc.) Morong (tamboril); Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (ingá); Platypodium elegans Vogel (jacarandá-banana) e Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl (embira-de-sapo), usando solo de mata ciliar não esterilizado, adubação mineral e inoculação de rizóbio e micorriza, em viveiro. Todas as espécies foram colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos (inoculados e nativos) e nodularam. Somente P. rigida e P. elegans não apresentaram nodulação espontânea. A adição de nitrogênio mineral inibiu o número e a massa seca de nódulos, a atividade da nitrogenase e o teor de leg-hemoglobina em todas as espécies. A adição de fósforo mineral diminuiu a colonização micorrízica somente em A. colubrina e M. bimucronata. A inoculação dos fungos não afetou o crescimento das plantas e não favoreceu a absorção de fósforo; entretanto, a inoculação de rizóbio favoreceu a nodulação de A. colubrina e a nodulação e crescimento de M .bimucronata, L. muehlbergianus e E. contortisiliquum em tratamentos inoculados apenas com rizóbio ou conjuntamente com fungo micorrízico. / Some legumes develop mutualistic symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. As a result, these plants can grow more rapidly and also to amend the soil with nitrogen, phosphorus and others nutrients. The present study examined the nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, initial growth and development of seven species: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Brenan. (angico-branco); Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (espinho-de-maricá); Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico- vermelho); Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell. Conc.) Morong (tamboril); Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (ingá); Platypodium elegans Vogel (jacarandá-banana) and Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl (embira-de-sapo), using riparian forest soil non-sterilized, mineral fertilization and inoculation of rhizobia and mycorrhiza, in the nursery. All species were colonized by mycorrhizal fungus (inoculated and native) and were nodulated. Only P. rigida and P. elegans did not show spontaneous nodulation. The mineral nitrogen added inhibited nodules number and dry weight, nitrogenase activity and leghemoglobin content in all species. The mineral phosphorus added diminished the mycorrhizal colonization only in A. colubrina and M. bimucronata. Fungi inoculation did not affect the plants growth and neither support the P uptake; however, rhizobial inoculation supported the nodulation of A. colubrina and the nodulation and growth of M. bimucronata, L. muehlbergianus and E. contortisiliquum in inoculated treatments only with rhizobia or associated with mycorrhizal fungusinoculation.