Understanding the differential bonding mechanics underlying bleeding disorders is of crucial importance to human health. In this research insight is provided into how four of these bleeding disorders (each with somewhat similar clinical characteristics), work at the molecular bond level. The bleeding diseases studied here can result from defects in the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ibα the von Willebrand factor (vWF) molecule, or the ADAMTS-13 enzyme. Types 2B and 2M von Willebrand Disease (VWD) result in excess bleeding, yet type 2B has increased binding affinity between platelet GPIbα and vWF, while type 2M has decreased binding affinity between these two molecules. Platelet type VWD (pt-VWD) causes mutations in the GPIbα molecule and has similar characteristics to type 2B VWD. Further, in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, bleeding results when there is a lack of active ADAMTS-13 enzyme. Each disease results in patient bleeding, but due to different mechanisms. This dissertation will explore the bonding mechanics between GPIbα and vWF and how they are altered in each disease state. To observe the GPIbα-vWF bonding mechanics, rolling velocities, transient tethering lifetimes, and tether frequency were determined using a parallel plate flow chamber. Data from these experiments suggest that wt-wt interactions are force dependent and have biphasic catch-slip bonding behavior. The data show that the shear stress at which the maximum mean stop time occurs differs between gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations. Using similar methods, we study the changes resulting from pt-VWD mutations in GPIbα, and find that the catch bond seen for wt-wt interactions is lost for these mutations. Further, the data suggest that interactions with gain-of-function GPIbα mutations may be transport rather than force dependent. Finally, how the GPIbα-vWF tether bond changes for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was also investigated to show that the bond lifetime in the absence of the enzyme is increased presenting a possible rationale for why bleeding occurs in this disease. Overall, the data show how the bonding mechanics of the GPIbα-vWF tether bond differ in four bleeding diseases. Further, these observations offer potential explanations for how these changes in the bonding mechanism may play a role in the observed patient bleeding.

Orientador: Sisi Marcondes Paschoal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T18:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonfitto_PedroHenriqueLeite_M.pdf: 791921 bytes, checksum: 967c29bbcdf8e6df7bd3a2d919b84111 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As plaquetas são importantes células na inflamação, entretanto, os trabalhos que estudam as citocinas na reatividade plaquetária são raros. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-?) em plaquetas. Ensaios de agregação foram realizados incubando-se plaquetas com crescentes concentrações de TNF-? (1 - 3000 pg/ml) por diferentes intervalos de tempo (5 - 60 min), na ausência ou presença do antagonista não seletivo dos receptores TNFR1 e TNFR2, o R7050. Também foi estudado o efeito do TNF-? na viabilidade plaquetária utilizando-se o MTT. O efeito do TNF-? na mobilização de Ca2+ em plaquetas foi investigado através de ensaios de fluorescência utilizando-se o fluo-3-AM; os ensaios de western blotting foram realizados para o estudo da ativação da enzima c-Src e do receptor de fibrinogênio. Finalmente, foram determinados os níveis intraplaquetários de AMPc e GMPc por ELISA. O TNF-? inibiu a agregação plaquetária induzida por ADP ou trombina de forma dependente da concentração da citocina e do tempo de incubação. O efeito inibitório máximo do TNF-? na agregação induzida por ADP (5 ?M) foi obtido com a concentração de 300 pg/ml por um tempo de incubação de 30 min (90 ± 7% de inibição), o qual foi significativamente prevenido pela pré-incubação das plaquetas com o R7050. A viabilidade plaquetária não foi modificada pela incubação por 60 min com o TNF-? (30 e 3000 pg/ml). A incubação de plaquetas com TNF-? (300 pg/ml, 30 min) reduziu em 53% o aumento da concentração de Ca2+ total causado pela adição de trombina (200 mU/ml). A queda da concentração de Ca2+ citosólica plaquetária causada pelo TNF-? foi em decorrência da diminuição em 1,8 e 3,4 vezes da mobilização interna do íon e do influxo do mesmo, respectivamente. O TNF-? reduziu em 60% os níveis de AMPc em plaquetas ativadas com ADP. Por outro lado, o TNF-? aumentou significativamente os níveis de GMPc em plaquetas ativadas por ADP (aumento de 51%). A pré-incubação de plaquetas com o inibidor da guanilil ciclase ODQ não reduziu o efeito inibitório do TNF-? na agregação induzida por ADP. Os ensaios de western blotting mostraram que o TNF-? reduziu significativamente a fosforilação do resíduo de Tyr416 da c-Src em plaquetas ativadas. Da mesma forma, o TNF-? reduziu em 37% a fosforilação do resíduo de Tyr773 da subunidade ?3 da integrina ?IIb?3 (receptor de fibrinogênio) em plaquetas ativadas por ADP. Portanto concluímos que o TNF-? inibe a agregação plaquetária via receptores TNFR1 e/ou TNFR2, sem reduzir a viabilidade das plaquetas. O efeito inibitório do TNF-? na agregação é acompanhado pela redução de Ca2+ citosólico e inibição de c-Src e do receptor de fibrinogênio em plaquetas, sendo estes independentes de AMPc ou GMPc / Abstract: Platelets have been described as important cells in inflammation; however, the effects of cytokines on platelet reactivity are rarely studied. The objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) in platelets. Aggregation assays were carried out incubating platelets with increasing TNF-? concentrations (1 - 3000 pg/ml) for different intervals of times (5 - 60 min), in the absence or in presence of the non-selective antagonist of TNFR1 and TNFR2, R7050. Effect of TNF-? on platelet viability was determined using MTT. The effect of TNF-? on the Ca2+ mobilization in platelets was investigated through fluorescence assays using fluo-3AM and Western blotting assays were carried out to determine the activation of c-Src and the fibrinogen receptor. Finally, the cAMP and cGMP levels in platelets were determined by ELISA. TNF-? dose- and time-dependently inhibited ADP or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. The inhibitory effect of TNF-? on ADP(5 ?M)-induced platelet aggregation was maximum in a concentration of 300 pg/ml incubated with platelets for 30 min (90 ± 7% of inhibition), which was significantly prevented by the incubation of platelets with R7050. Platelet viability was not modified by TNF-? (30 and 3000 pg/ml) incubated for 5 to 60 min. Incubation of platelets with TNF-? (300 pg/ml, 30 min) reduced the increased total Ca2+ concentration induced by thrombin (200 mU/ml) by 53%. Decreasing Ca2+ internal mobilization (1,8 fold) and decreasing in external Ca2+ influx (3,4 fold) led to a reduction of total cytosolic Ca2+ in TNF-? activated platelets. TNF-? reduced the cAMP levels in ADP-activated platelets by 60%. On the other hand, TNF-? significantly increased cGMP levels in ADP-activated platelets (51% increase). Pre-incubation of platelets with the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ did not modify the inhibitory effect of TNF-? on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Western blotting analysis showed that TNF-? significantly reduced phosphorylation on Tyr416 of c-Src in activated platelets. Similarly, TNF-? reduced by 37% the Tyr773 phosphorylation of ?3 subunit of ?IIb?3 integrin (fibrinogen receptor) in ADP-activated platelets. Therefore, our results show that TNF-? inhibits platelet aggregation via TNFR1 and/or TNFR2 receptors, without affecting platelet viability. The inhibitory effect of TNF-? on aggregation is accompanied by a reduction in cytosolic Ca2+ and the inhibition of c-Src and fibrinogen receptor activation, which are cAMP and cGMP-independent effects / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia