The fetal lung undergoes extensive physiological and biochemical maturation prior to birth in preparation for its postnatal function as an organ for gas exchange. Pulmonary surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse, is produced by type II pneumocytes within the lung. Reduced ability to produce surfactant leads to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Synthesis of the phospholipid component of surfactant, phosphatidylcholine (PC), is stimulated by fibroblast-pneumocyte factor (FPF), a protein expressed by fibroblast cells within the fetal lung. Although its function is well known, the identity of this important protein has remained a mystery. Recent research has suggested that FPF may be neuregulin-1, a growth factor found in many tissues during development. Enhanced synthesis of PC (and therefore detection of FPF) is measured using a tissue culture-based method. Primary cultures of lung fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes are prepared, and fibroblast-conditioned medium (FCM) is exposed to the type II cells. Resultant PC synthesis is measured using radioisotope-labeled PC-precursor and a chloroform-based lipid extraction method. Initial results using this method were very inconsistent, so a study was undertaken to determine which parts of the method could be contributing to this inconsistency. Cell density of type II cultures (measured in μg DNA.plate-1) was shown to have a significant effect on results. Treatment of fibroblasts with 100 nM dexamethasone and exposure of type II cultures to the resultant FCM caused a mean 9.17% increase in PC synthesis, but when only type II cultures with a cell density below 25 μg DNA.plate-1 were analyzed, this value increased to 17.56%. Type II cultures with cell density above this threshold value showed a mean increase in synthesis of only 3.39%. The consistent application of [3H]-choline chloride also had a significant effect on results. Experiments utilizing phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate to stimulate fibroblasts were very inconsistent. The mean activity of the initial [3H]-choline chloride solution prepared for these experiments was found to be 2.04 μCi.mL-1, compared to a mean of 4.79 μCi.mL-1 for all other experiments. Observations from this section of the study led to considerable revision of the method used to measure PC synthesis. Quadrupolar ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze FCM and determine if neuregulin-1 (NRG1) could be FPF. A mass spectrum was obtained for recombinant NRG1, with predominant ions of 1068, 1142 and 1246 m/z. All three of these ions were also detected in both control and dexamethasone-treated FCM. Partial fragmentation of 1068 m/z of NRG1 was achieved using MS2, and generated a base peak of 1047 m/z. This fragmentation was also observed in 1068 m/z from FCM. LC/MS was utilized to quantify NRG1 in FCM, using a standard curve generated using recombinant NRG1. Control FCM had a NRG1 concentration of 19.85 μg.mL-1, while the concentration in dexamethasone treated FCM was 41.59 μg.mL-1. FCM which had given no positive response to dexamethasone when tested using the indirect cultured cell system had a control NRG1 concentration of 20.85 μg.mL-1, and a dexamethasone treated concentration of 22.84 μg.mL-1. These values were not significantly different from the control value for FCM in those fibroblast cultures that had generated a positive response to dexamethasone. Results of this section of the study have provided strong evidence that NRG1 is a major component of FPF, and a review of the NRG1 signaling pathway further supports this conclusion. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are functionally related to neuregulins and are known to be important in fetal development. The effect of IGF-II on synthesis of surfactant PC and its subsequent secretion from type II pneumocytes was studied. In terms of PC synthesis, IGF-II was tested at concentrations of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 μM. The mean increase in synthesis was found to be 6.00, 6.15 and 6.91%, respectively. These values were not significantly different from control values. Secretion of PC was tested over the concentration range of 0.1 to 1.6 μM, with no significant effect observed. Possible inhibition by IGF-II was also studied, using the known stimulants of secretion, neuromedin C and isoproterenol. No significant effect on the enhanced level of secretion was observed when IGF-II was added with either secretagogue. Lack of an appropriate receptor and/or the possibility that cultured cells may not exactly mimic the situation in vivo are probably the reasons IGF-II has no effect on either synthesis or secretion.

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Les progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires situés aux jonctions bronchioloalvéolaires peuvent être impliquésdans l'embryogenèse ou la régénération. Ces cellules non décrites chez les gros animaux peuventparticiper au développement de nouvelles thérapies contre les maladies pulmonaires aiguës ouchroniques. Dans cette étude, nous avons établi la présence de progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires dansles poumons des ovins nouveaux nés. Ces cellules ont été identifiées par leur co-expression desprotéines CCSP, SP-C et CD34. Une population mineure de cellules CD34pos/SP-Cpos/CCSPpos (0,33% ±0,31) était présente ex vivo. Le tri magnétique des cellules CD34pos a permis l’isolement des progéniteursSP-Cpos/CCSPpos (> 80%). Ces cellules étaient maintenues et amplifiées in vitro en interfaceliquide/liquide. De même, ces progéniteurs étaient capables de se différencier soit en cellules de Clarasoit en AEC II dans différents milieux de cultures synthétiques et diverses matrices extracellulaires. Enoutre, les progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires obtenus ex vivo et in vitro exprimaient les gènes NANOG,Oct4 et BMI1 spécifiques aux cellules souches. Nous rapportons ainsi, pour la première fois dans ungrand animal, l’existence de cellules progénitrices bronchioloalvéolaires à fort potentiel de doubledifférenciation et d’expression de certains gènes de cellules souches. / Bronchioloalveolar stem cells located at the bronchiolar/alveolar junction may be involved inembryogenesis or regeneration. These cells have not yet been described in large animals, and they mayenable the development of new therapeutics to treat acute or chronic lung disease. In this study, weaimed to establish the presence of bronchioloalveolar stem cells in ovine lungs and to characterize theirstemness properties. Lung cells were studied using immunohistochemistry on frozen sections of the lung,and immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry were conducted on derived cells. The stem cells wereidentified by co-expression of CCSP, SP-C and the CD34 hematopoietic stem-cell marker. A minorpopulation of CD34pos/SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cells (0.33% ± 0.31) was present ex vivo in cell suspensions fromdissociated lungs. Using CD34 magnetic positive cell sorting, undifferentiated SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cellswere purified (>80%) and maintained in culture. Using synthetic media and various extracellular matrixes,SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cells differentiated into either Clara cells or alveolar epithelial type-II cells. Furthermore,bronchioloalveolar stem cells obtained ex vivo and in vitro expressed the stem cell-specific genesNANOG, OCT4 and BMI1. We report for the first time in a large animal the existence ofbronchioloalveolar stem cells with dual differentiation potential and the expression of stem cell-specificgenes.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia are opportunistic human pathogens. Hazards pose to immunocompromited patient groups, most of whom are patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, for which is the infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Burkholderia cepacia, often lethal. Bacteria exhibit resistance to most antibiotics and the immunization of patients, paradoxically, worsens the patients' condition. Hen antibodies, unlike mammalian do not activate the complement cascade and do not cause the inflammatory response, therefore, seem to be a suitable tool to protect high risk populations as a means of passive immunization. In this work were prepared specific chicken antibodies against significant virulent factor - bacterial lectins PAIIL and BClA responsible for adhesion. Antibody specificity was demonstrated by ELISA and Western blot. Antibodies were affinity purified and cleaved to fragments. Pneumocytes type II from the lungs of patients with Cystic Fibrosis were isolated and cultured. Tests of the adhesion of bacteria cells were performed on them using ELISA. As an alternative model rat pneumocytes and tumor cell line A549 has been used. Prepared antibodies specifically detect bacterial lectins on the surface of bacteria. Antibody has been shown to reduce adhesion of bacteria to...

Les progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires situés aux jonctions bronchioloalvéolaires peuvent être impliqués dans l'embryogenèse ou la régénération. Ces cellules non décrites chez les gros animaux peuvent participer au développement de nouvelles thérapies contre les maladies pulmonaires aiguës ou chroniques. Dans cette étude, nous avons établi la présence de progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires dans les poumons des ovins nouveaux nés. Ces cellules ont été identifiées par leur co-expression des protéines CCSP, SP-C et CD34. Une population mineure de cellules CD34pos/SP-Cpos/CCSPpos (0,33% ± 0,31) était présente ex vivo. Le tri magnétique des cellules CD34pos a permis l'isolement des progéniteurs SP-Cpos/CCSPpos (> 80%). Ces cellules étaient maintenues et amplifiées in vitro en interface liquide/liquide. De même, ces progéniteurs étaient capables de se différencier soit en cellules de Clara soit en AEC II dans différents milieux de cultures synthétiques et diverses matrices extracellulaires. En outre, les progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires obtenus ex vivo et in vitro exprimaient les gènes NANOG, Oct4 et BMI1 spécifiques aux cellules souches. Nous rapportons ainsi, pour la première fois dans un grand animal, l'existence de cellules progénitrices bronchioloalvéolaires à fort potentiel de double différenciation et d'expression de certains gènes de cellules souches.