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This thesis calls into question a currently orthodox view of Ludwig Wittgenstein's post-Tractarian philosophy. This view is that the social and political implications of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations are conservative and relativist. That is, Wittgenstein's concepts such as 'forms of life', 'language-games' and 'rule-following' defend and promote: a rule-determined and context-determined rationality; or an incomparable community-determined human understanding; or a neutralist, nonrevisionary, private or uncritical social and political philosophy. / In order to challenge and correct this conventional understanding the thesis sets up as 'objects of comparison' a variety of very different examples of the use of Wittgenstein in social and political philosophy. These uses are neither relativist nor conservative and they situate understanding and critical reflection in the practices of comparison and dialogue. The examples of this 'comparative-dialogical' Wittgensteinian approach are found in the works of three contemporary philosophers: Thomas L. Kuhn, Quentin Skinner and Charles Taylor. / This study employs the technique of a survey rather than undertaking a uniquely textual analysis because it is less convincing to suggest that Wittgenstein's concepts might be used in these unfamiliar ways than to show that they have been put to these unfamiliar uses. Therefore I turn not to a Wittgensteinian ideal but to examples of the 'comparative-dialogical' uses of Wittgenstein. In so doing I am following Wittgenstein's insight in section 208 of the Philosophical Investigations: "I shall teach him to use the words by means of examples and by practice. And when I do this, I do not communicate less to him than I know myself." Thus it will be in a survey of various uses and applications of Wittgenstein's concepts and techniques that I will show that I and others understand them.

The purpose of this thesis is to reflect on the importance that deception has had on the efficient functioning of societies and the development of individuals. I attempt to do so by adopting an historical perspective, analysing the development of the notion of lawful deception during the Middle Ages and, mainly, the Early Modern Age through theological and political discourses. The scope of my investigation is pan-European. I examine sources from the major Western territories, but I pay special attention to those produced in the Spanish-Habsburg Empire, which was a major political and cultural entity during this period. My claim is that between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, the West witnessed the formation of what I call an "Ethics of Deception:" a trend of thought that, without challenging the Augustinian prohibition of lying, recognised deception as intrinsic to nature and mankind, thereby justifying its use from moral and political perspectives. I explain how this intellectual process was conducted, fostered by new social realities, and helped by the flourishing of casuistry, tacitism and neostoicism. Furthermore, I argue that the acceptance of deception contributed to the creation of a new view of the world, language and human interaction. A view that is in the very basis of some of the most characteristic features of Baroque art and that opened the door to some of the most transcendental cultural changes of the period, such as the creation of politics governed by reason rather than faith, the secularisation of social behaviour, and the emergence of the notions of individualism, privacy and freedom of thought. For these reasons, I claim that deception played an important role in the shaping of Modernity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fariasjunior_jp_dr_fran.pdf: 1545468 bytes, checksum: e44c351d749902fc2b79e19f75334afc (MD5) / Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) / A investigação se propõe analisar as obras De Regno (Ao imperador, sobre a realeza) e De Providentia (Aos egípcios, sobre a providência), ambas de autoria do filósofo norte-africano Sinésio de Cirene, supostamente escritas no momento em que participa da embaixada em Constantinopla, entre 397 e 400 d.C., a serviço de sua cidade nativa, Cirene, na província da Líbia Superior/ Cirenaica, norte da África. No centro de nossa investigação, encontram-se as estratégias discursivas e os topoi retóricos empregados por Sinésio para a construção de um ethos político favorável não só à construção de uma imagem de si que se ajusta ao papel do filósofo na política imperial, mas também à representatividade política de famílias abastadas na administração imperial, haja vista seu envolvimento e o de sua família nos quadros político-administrativos do Império Romano. A proposição de uma análise retórica pelo viés da construção do ethos político pode nos oferecer informações sobre as estratégias empreendidas por aristocratas da África romana tardia para se firmar no cenário político romano / The research aims to analyze the works De Regno (To the emperor, on the royalty) and De Providentia (To the Egyptians, on Providence), both written by the North African philosopher Synesius of Cyrene, who wrote them supposedly during his participation in the embassy in Constantinople between 397 and 400 AD serving his native city, Cyrene, in the province of Lybia Superior/Cyrenaica, North Africa. In the center of our research are the discursive strategies and rhetorical topoi used by Synesius to the construction of a political ethos in favor not only of the building of an image of himself that fits the role of the philosopher in imperial policy, but also of the political representation of wealthy families in the imperial administration, considering his involvement and his family’s involvement in political and administrative cadres of the Roman Empire. The proposition of a rhetorical analysis by the bias of the construction of political ethos can offer information on the strategies undertaken by aristocrats of the late Roman Africa who sought to establish themselves in the Roman political scene

Orientador: Pedro Geraldo Tosi / Coorientador: Elaine Cristine Sartorelli / Banca: Therese Fuhrer / Banca: Breno Battistin Sebastiani / Banca: Pablo Shwartz Frydman / Banca: Elizabete Sanches Rocha / Resumo: A investigação se propõe analisar as obras De Regno (Ao imperador, sobre a realeza) e De Providentia (Aos egípcios, sobre a providência), ambas de autoria do filósofo norte-africano Sinésio de Cirene, supostamente escritas no momento em que participa da embaixada em Constantinopla, entre 397 e 400 d.C., a serviço de sua cidade nativa, Cirene, na província da Líbia Superior/ Cirenaica, norte da África. No centro de nossa investigação, encontram-se as estratégias discursivas e os topoi retóricos empregados por Sinésio para a construção de um ethos político favorável não só à construção de uma imagem de si que se ajusta ao papel do filósofo na política imperial, mas também à representatividade política de famílias abastadas na administração imperial, haja vista seu envolvimento e o de sua família nos quadros político-administrativos do Império Romano. A proposição de uma análise retórica pelo viés da construção do ethos político pode nos oferecer informações sobre as estratégias empreendidas por aristocratas da África romana tardia para se firmar no cenário político romano / Abstract: The research aims to analyze the works De Regno (To the emperor, on the royalty) and De Providentia (To the Egyptians, on Providence), both written by the North African philosopher Synesius of Cyrene, who wrote them supposedly during his participation in the embassy in Constantinople between 397 and 400 AD serving his native city, Cyrene, in the province of Lybia Superior/Cyrenaica, North Africa. In the center of our research are the discursive strategies and rhetorical topoi used by Synesius to the construction of a political ethos in favor not only of the building of an image of himself that fits the role of the philosopher in imperial policy, but also of the political representation of wealthy families in the imperial administration, considering his involvement and his family's involvement in political and administrative cadres of the Roman Empire. The proposition of a rhetorical analysis by the bias of the construction of political ethos can offer information on the strategies undertaken by aristocrats of the late Roman Africa who sought to establish themselves in the Roman political scene / Doutor

I also argue that the structure and the content of Records of Practical Government was much influenced by Qiu Jun's (1421-1495) Daxue yanyi bu (Supplement to the Extension of the Great Learning), which initiated the tradition of systematic statecraft writing in the Ming. However, because Lu and Qiu lived in different eras and had different social backgrounds and official status, they addressed same issues at different levels in their books. The Daxue yanyi bu was written as a reference for the emperors and officials and as a blueprint for political reform to be initiated by the court. What it deals with are national administrative structures and large social issues. The Records of Practical Government only deals with practical matters from the viewpoint of local officials. Providing guidance to provincial officials at different ranks, it was meant to be a guide to local governance. / I further argue that an immediate reason for Lu's desire to improve local governance was the impact of Zhang Juzheng's political reforms. When Lu became an official, he was involved in the decade-long reforms initiated by Zhang. Zhang was Lu's spiritual guide, although while Zhang's reforms involved officials at different levels, Lu's only concerned local and provincial administrative officials. / In later times, Lu Kun's statecraft thought spread mainly through publication of his books. His ideas on government were well recognized in the Qing dynasty. He was canonized in the Confucian temple in 1826 and considered an accomplished thinker and scholar of practical learning. / Lu Kun was a famous Confucian scholar-official of the late Ming Dynasty. As a magistrate of Xiangyuan and Datong counties of Shanxi province and as a Vice Minister of Justice, he was highly praised by people he governed and by fellow officials of his times because of his uprightness and able administration. This dissertation focuses on the characteristics of Lu Kun's (1536-1618) statecraft thought by analyzing his important work. Records of Practical Government (Shizheng lu), and his understanding of the relationship between the Wanli emperor (reigned 1563-1620) and his officials. / The Records of Practical Government, compiled after Lu retired, is a corpus of official documents Lu wrote and announced when he was an official in Shanxi. These documents reflect his administrative experience and the local custom of places he governed. They also reveal Lu's understanding of local affairs, his emphasis on the responsibility of an official and his design for the strengthening of that. Lu, however, was unable to realize much what he proposed in the Records of Practical Government . His regulations were too detailed and complicated, and his language somewhat harsh, that they were difficult to be observed. / The research also shows Lu's personal understanding and handling of the relationship between the Wanli emperor and his officials, which likewise reveals Lu's statecraft thought. Lu was prudent enough to be able to maintain good terms with Wanli for a smooth discharge of his official responsibility. But when Lu was forced to resign in disillusion during the contention for the confirmation of an heir-apparent, he turned to support officials who left office as a protest to the emperor. / 解揚. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(p. 391-448). / Adviser: Hung-lam Chu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0714. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (p. 391-448). / Xie Yang.

La thèse s'attache à étudier la validité conceptuelle de la notion de révisionnisme pour la compréhension de la dynamique idéationnelle et programmatique de la social-démocratie européenne. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished