Background: There is a growing understanding that different kinds of interpersonal violence are interrelated. Many victims report experiences of cumulative violence, i.e., being subjected to more than one kind of violent behaviour (sexual, physical, emotional) and/or violence from more than one kind of perpetrator (family members, partners, acquaintances/strangers). To gain a more comprehensive understanding of what violence entails for victims, how victims can be helped and how violence can be prevented, there is a need to learn more about the co-occurrence of violence. Also, despite strong associations repeatedly being found between exposure to violence and the reporting of different kinds of ill-health, only a minority of victims have told health care professionals about their victimization. Less is known about the process of disclosing victimization to health care professionals for men than for women. Main aims: 1) Investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of self-reported lifetime experiences of different kinds of interpersonal violence among male and female clinical and random population samples in Sweden (Study I-II). 2) Investigate whether cumulative violence is more strongly associated with       self-reported symptoms off psychological ill-health than with any kind of victimization alone (Study III).   3) Develop a theoretical model concerning male victims’ process of disclosing experiences of victimization to health care professionals in Sweden (Study IV).   Method: The self-reported prevalence of interpersonal violence as well as self-reported symptoms of psychological ill-health were estimated by means of secondary analyses of data collected with the NorVold Abuse Questionnaire (NorAQ). Both sexes were represented in clinical (women n=2439 men n=1767) and random population samples (women n=1168 men n=2924). Descriptive statistics as well as binary logistic regression and ordinal regression analyses were used (Study I-III). In study IV, constructivist grounded theory was used, and 12 men were interviewed concerning their experience of disclosing victimization to health care professionals. Results: A large proportion of victims (women: 47-48%, men: 29-31%) reported experiences of more than one kind of violent behaviour. Many also reported being subjected to violence by more than one kind of perpetrator (women: 33-37%, men: 22-23%). Reporting cumulative violence had a stronger association with symptoms of psychological ill-health than reporting only one kind of victimization. In study IV, the interviewed men’s own perceptions and considerations beforehand (e.g., perceived need for help and feelings of shame), as well as the dynamics during the actual health care encounter (e.g., patient-provider relationship and time constraints), were essential for understanding the process of disclosure. Also, the men’s own conformity to hegemonic constructions of masculinity and professionals’ adherence to gender norms had a strong negative influence on the men’s process of disclosure. Discussion: Experiences of cumulative violence were common. Prevalence rates of experiences of different kinds of interpersonal violence were compared to previous studies on interpersonal violence in Sweden. Large discrepancies were found between all studies, which is a symptom of methodological and conceptual difficulties within the research field. Violence is a gendered phenomenon. Differences were seen in the kind of violence men and women reported. In addition to this, the results in study IV indicate that gender affects how violence is perceived and how victims are treated by health care professionals. Conclusion: Integrated approaches in research on interpersonal violence, as well as in clinical work, are needed. If the co-occurrence of violence is ignored, it may hamper our understanding of the experiences and consequences of interpersonal violence for victims. More research is needed into what produces the differences found in prevalence rates between studies to improve the methodology.

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Bakgrund: Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är en angelägen folkhälsofråga innebärande negativa konsekvenser för berörda individer inklusive barn och unga. En förekommande form av hedersförtryck är barn och tonåringar som inte får välja sin framtida partner. Det kan medföra oskuldskrav samt kontroll av familjen med målet att äkta en partner som kan bidra till ökad socioekonomisk status. Kontrollen möjliggör därtill negativa hälsokonsekvenser för individen. Forskning belyser att hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck kan innefatta barnmisshandel och psykisk ohälsa för utsatta barn och unga. Utsatthet för våld och förtryck i hemmet kan även leda till utsatthet för mobbning då individen på grund av sina hemförhållanden kan uppfattas som annorlunda enligt skolkamrater. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan hedersförtryck och polyviktimisering, psykisk ohälsa samt mobbning bland tonåringar i Sverige. Metod: Studien baseras på tvärsnittsdata från en nationell kartläggning om våld mot barn från år 2016 där sammantaget 4741 elever från årskurs 9 på högstadiet och årskurs 2 på gymnasiet deltog. För att besvara studiens syfte med tillhörande frågeställningar tillämpades korsanalyser samt logistiska regressionsanalyser. Vidare tillämpades även multivariata logistiska regressionsanalyser justerat för kön, ekonomi, ålder, boendesituation och funktionsnedsättning. Resultat: Resultatet redovisade att hedersförtryck hade ett statistiskt signifikant samband med polyviktimisering, psykisk ohälsa samt att vara utsatt för mobbning. De justerade analyserna redovisade att hedersförtryck ökade sannolikheten för polyviktimisering (aOR 10.2, CI 5.6 – 18.4), psykisk ohälsa såsom självskadebeteende (aOR 1.9, CI 1.1 – 3.2), suicidförsök (aOR 2.4, CI 1.3 – 4.7) samt utsatthet för mobbning (aOR 2.4, CI 1.5 – 4.1). Konklusion: Studiens resultat bekräftar att hedersförtryck kan öka sannolikheten för våldsutsatthet samt negativa hälsokonsekvenser inkluderat dödligt utfall bland tonåringar. Detta understryker vikten av förebyggande arbete för hedersförtryckta barn och unga samt att de får anpassad hjälp och stöd av professionella utövare i olika samhällsarenor. / Background: Honor related violence and oppression is a significant societal subject in the field of public health sciences resulting in negative consequences for children and adolescences. One form of honor oppression is children and adolescences unable to choose their future partner. This can derive claim of virginity and control from the family with the aim to marry a partner who can contribute to increased socioeconomic status. The emphasized control results in multiple negative health-consequences for the individual. Previous research implies that honor related violence and oppression can be related to child abuse and mental illness among children and adolescences. Exposure to violence and oppression from home can also be related to exposure for bullying where the individual because of her home conditions may be perceived as different from her school-peers. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between honor oppression and poly-victimization, mental illness and bullying among Swedish adolescences. Method: The study is based on cross-sectional data derived from a national survey about violence against children from year 2016 included 4741 students from year 9 in elementary school and the second year of high-school in total. Cross-sectional and logistical regression analyses where applied to answer the aim of the study with included research questions. Furthermore, multivariate logistical regression analyses adjusted for gender, economy, age, residential-situation and disability were practiced. Results: The results showed that honor oppression had a statistically significant correlation to poly-victimization, mental illness and exposure to bullying. The adjusted analyses presented that honor-oppression increased the probability for poly-victimization (aOR 10.2, CI 5.6 – 18.4), mental illness such as self-harm (aOR 1.9, CI 1.1 – 3.2), suicidal attempt (aOR 2.4, CI 1.3 – 4.7) and exposure to bullying (aOR 2.4, CI 1.5 – 4.1). Conclusions: The results of the study confirmed that honor oppression can increase the possibility for exposure to violence and negative health consequences included lethal outcomes for adolescences. This emphasizes the importance of prevention concerning honor- oppressed children and adolescences where they can get adapted help and support from professional practices in different societal arenas.

The goal of the study was to conduct a survey on the extent and nature of poly-victimization of adolescents in Heideveld. This researcher used a quantitative approach, administering an altered form of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire to achieve the goal. This questionnaire had 34 screener items exploring victimization events across a broad range of possible victimization types. Convenience sampling of grade 8-10 learners was used from a school in Heideveld. Ninety-one respondents completed the questionnaire, the age range spread from 13 – 18 years of age. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the results. Responses of respondents to victimization (directed either at themselves or a peer) were explored through open-ended questions. Content analysis was performed to describe the data collected. The results showed that the extent of poly-victimization of adolescents in Heideveld is high. The findings were explored and finally conclusions and recommendations were discussed. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

The goal of the study was to conduct a survey on the extent and nature of poly-victimization of adolescents in Heideveld. This researcher used a quantitative approach, administering an altered form of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire to achieve the goal. This questionnaire had 34 screener items exploring victimization events across a broad range of possible victimization types. Convenience sampling of grade 8-10 learners was used from a school in Heideveld. Ninety-one respondents completed the questionnaire, the age range spread from 13 – 18 years of age. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the results. Responses of respondents to victimization (directed either at themselves or a peer) were explored through open-ended questions. Content analysis was performed to describe the data collected. The results showed that the extent of poly-victimization of adolescents in Heideveld is high. The findings were explored and finally conclusions and recommendations were discussed. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)