No description available.

Les progrès considérables effectués durant les trente dernières années permettent de guérir actuellement plus de 75% des enfants atteints d’un cancer. Néanmoins, certains types de tumeur, comme les gliomes de haut grade et les neuroblastomes métastatiques des enfants de plus de un an, gardent un pronostic particulièrement sombre. De nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques doivent donc être développées dans ces indications. Dans cette optique, nous avons étudié les effets de deux nouvelles molécules ciblées, le cilengitide, inhibiteur des intégrines αvβ3 et αvβ5, et le F14512, inhibiteur de la topoisomérase II dont la délivrance est vectorisée via le système de transport des polyamines, sur des modèles précliniques de gliomes pédiatriques et de neuroblastomes.Nous avons montré pour la première fois l’existence d’une expression variable d’αvβ3 et αvβ5 dans nos modèles de lignées cellulaires pédiatriques, peu modifiée par les radiations ionisantes. Le traitement par cilengitide a entraîné une inhibition dose-dépendante de la croissance des cellules exprimant αvβ3, liée à un rapide détachement cellulaire et à une sensibilité à l’anoïkis. Cette inhibition de croissance et le détachement cellulaire n’étaient pas corrélés au niveau d’expression des intégrines αvβ3 et αvβ5. Néanmoins, nos travaux semblent montrer que la cible principale du cilengitide est l’intégrine αvβ3. Le traitement par radiations ionisantes n’a pas modifié le détachement induit par le cilengitide dans nos modèles.Nous avons également mis en évidence une activité du système de transport des polyamines dans nos modèles, permettant ainsi une incorporation active du F14512 dans nos cellules de neuroblastomes. Nous avons montré une supériorité de la cytotoxicité du F14512 par rapport à l’étoposide in vitro, et son effet antitumoral a été démontré sur un modèle in vivo. Ces résultats, ainsi que l’effet globalement synergique de l’association du F14512 avec les sels de platine, sont de solides arguments pour poursuivre le développement de cette molécule, en phase clinique chez les patients atteints d’un neuroblastome. Par ailleurs, d’autres investigations pourraient être envisagées dans d’autres types tumoraux dans lesquels l’étoposide occupe une place importante. L’effet radiosensibilisant du F14512 pourrait dans ce cadre ouvrir des perspectives dans la prise en charge des médulloblastomes.[...] / Despite the progress made during the past thirty years leading to cure about 75% of children with cancer, the prognosis of high-grade gliomas (HGG) in children and metastatic neuroblastoma remains poor. The aim of the thesis was to study in vitro the mechanisms of action of a novel inhibitor of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, so-called cilengitide , and of a new topoisomerase II inhibitor targeting the polyamine transport system (PTS), so-called F14512, used as a single drug or in combination therapy in neuroblastoma and pediatric gliomas cell lines. Our panel of cell lines included three pediatric HGG, 2 low-grade pediatric glioma and four neuroblastoma cell lines as well as one adult HGG cell line. The first part of the work involved cilengitide, and was based on clinical and preclinical data previously obtained in adult glioblastoma. There was no data concerning the effect of cilengitide on pediatric HGG or neuroblastoma cells nor about its use in combination with radiation therapy in children. Similarly, no data were available about the level of expression of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins on the surface of glioma and pediatric neuroblastoma cells. We showed by flow cytometry significant and various αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin expression levels in our four neuroblastomas and in most of glioma cell lines. Those expression levels were unrelated to tumor grade. UW479 cells expressed only αvβ5 integrin and therefore served as a negative control. Irradiation of glioma cells slightly increased αvβ3 expression in SF188, KNS42 and Res259 cell lines without inducing de novo integrin expression in UW479 cells. Cilengitide treatment resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth leading to obtain an IC50 in the three cell lines tested. UW479 cells were not sensitive to Cilengitide, suggesting that Cilengitide’s action largely depends on αvβ3 inhibition. It was not possible to determine an IC50 value in the adult prototypical U87MG cell line.Cilengitide treatment resulted in a rapid and dose -dependent detachment of more than 50% of our cells expressing αvβ3 when cultured in adherent conditions on vitronectin, which is a specific matrix of integrins, whereas it remained without effect when the cells were grown on collagen, a nonspecific matrix. The growth inhibition induced by cilengitide was comparable to that observed when cells were seeded on polyHEMA gel in physically non-adherent conditions. Not surprisingly, the cilengitide induced no detachment of UW479 cells regardless of the matrix used. In contrast, cell viability assays showed a strong growth inhibition when these cells were seeded on polyHEMA gel. Interestingly, U87MG cells remained able to grow despite a strong detachment induced by cilengitide, suggesting a resistance to anoikis. Finally, inhibition of cell growth induced by cilengitide seemed only linked to cell detachment and corresponded to cell death by anoikis. These inhibitions of cell detachment and cell growth were not correlated with the levels of expression of integrins [...].

Polyamines are polycationic molecules that perform many functions essential to cell growth and proliferation. These compounds can be synthesized inside the cell or taken into the cell exogenously. Many tumor types have been shown to contain elevated polyamine levels and an activated polyamine transporter (PAT) for importing exogenous polyamines. Thus, the PAT represents a potential target for anti-cancer strategies. To date, the mechanism of polyamine uptake into cells of multicellular eukaryotes is poorly understood, primarily because the only PAT proteins that have been identified are in the unicellular organisms Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. In order to identify a PAT, in a higher eukaryote, a novel Drosophila imaginal disc epithelial development assay was employed. In this assay, development of the imaginal disc epithelium is inhibited by polyamine-toxin conjugates with results (PAT selectivity and toxicity) similar to those shown in vertebrate Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Using the Gene Ontogeny database at Fly Base, 39 candidates for a Drosophila PAT were identified based on their putative function as cation transport proteins or polyamine transport proteins. Twenty of the candidate genes were selected for further analysis based on their expression in imaginal discs and availability of strains carrying mutations in these genes. Imaginal discs dissected from the candidate mutant strains were tested for defects in polyamine uptake following exposure to polyamine-toxin conjugates. Mutations in two genes, Orct2 and CG9413, conferred increased resistance to the polyamine-toxin in the epithelial assay, as would be expected for imaginal disc cells defective in polyamine transport. Therefore, these two genes represent candidates for the polyamine transporter in a multicellular eukaryote

The mammalian polyamine transport system (PTS) has been of interest due to its roles in cancer and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Polyamines are essential growth factors which are tightly controlled via a balance of biosynthesis, metabolism, import, and export. This work focused on the development and biological testing of polyamine transport probes to help understand the molecular requirements of the PTS. This was mediated through the use of a CHO (PTS active) and CHO-MG* (PTS deficient) screen, where compounds demonstrating high toxicity in CHO and low toxicity in CHO-MG* were considered PTS selective. The first chapter focused on the development of polyamine-based drugs which are both metabolically stable to polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity and are hyperselective for targeting the PTS. This approach was optimized by combining a di-substituted aryl design with terminal N-methylation of the appended polyamine chains to generate a new class of superior PTS agonists. The metabolic stability of these compounds was demonstrated in CHO and CHO-MG* in the presence and absence of a known PAO inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG). Highly PTS selective compounds were then tested in the NCI-60 cell line screen to demonstrate the effectiveness of polyamine-based drugs in cancer therapy. During this screen, the MALME-3M (human melanoma) cell line was identified as being very sensitive to these PTS targeting drugs. Further studies using MALME-3M and its normal counterpart, MALME-3, showed excellent targeting of the cancer line over MALME-3. For example, The MeN44Nap44NMe compound showed 59-fold higher toxicity in MALME-3M over MALME-3. The second chapter focused on the development of potential polyamine transport inhibitors (PTIs) for use in combination therapy with ?-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). This therapy is predicated upon reducing sustained polyamine depletion within cells by inhibiting both polyamine biosynthesis with DFMO and polyamine transport with the PTI ligand. Potential PTIs were identified by blocking the uptake of spermidine in DFMO-treated CHO and L3.6pl cells. Previous work has identified a tri-substituted polyamine-based design as an effective PTI. Low toxicity and a low Ki value in a L1210 screen were good predictors for PTI efficacy. The structural requirements for a potent PTI were explored by modulating the toxicity through the introduction of amide bonds, and also by determining the number and orientation of the polyamine messages (appended to an aryl core) required for efficient inhibition of polyamine uptake. These experiments showed that a tri-substituted design and a triamine message (homospermidine) appended was optimal for PTI potency. The final chapter focused on the development of Dihydromotuporamine C derivatives as non-toxic anti-metastatic agents. Dihydromotuporamine C demonstrated good anti-invasive properties with tumor cells. Derivatives were made in an effort to reduce the cytotoxicity of the parent and improve the anti-migration potency. The motuporamine derivatives all have a polyamine message (norspermidine or homospermidine) appended to make a macrocycle core, making them prime targets to evaluate as potential PTS ligands in the CHO and CHO-MG* screen. Each compound was also tested in the highly metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line L3.6pl to determine both its IC50 value and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The anti-migration assay was performed at the lowest MTD obtained (0.6 [micro]M) in order to compare the series at the same non-toxic dose. The results suggested that as the N1-amine center was moved further from the macrocyclic ring, an increased ability to inhibit cell migration and reduced toxicity was observed. These collective findings provide new tools for cell biologists to modulate and target polyamine transport in mammalian cells. Future applications of these technologies include new cancer therapies which are cell-selective and inhibit the spread of tumors.

No description available.

Polyamines are a class of essential nutrients involved in many basic cellular processes such as gene expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Without polyamines, cell growth is delayed or halted. Cancerous cells require an abundance of polyamines through a combination of synthesis and transport from the extracellular environment. An FDA-approved drug, D,L-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), blocks polyamine synthesis but is ineffective at inhibiting cell growth due to polyamine transport. Thus, there is a need to develop drugs that inhibit polyamine transport to use in combination with DFMO. Surprisingly, little is known about the polyamine transport system in humans and other eukaryotes. Understanding the transport system would allow us to identify compounds that inhibit polyamine transport, which could then be used in tandem with DFMO to treat cancer. Our laboratory has identified one gene in Drosophila, called CG32000, as a component of this transport system, and numerous other candidate genes remain to be tested. To better characterize this system, this project investigated the ability of the Drosophila transport system to take up a toxic polyamine analogue called norspermidine, with the initial goal of developing a new screening method to find polyamine transport genes. My experiments have demonstrated significant differences in norspermidine uptake and toxicity between C. elegans and Drosophila which may imply a secondary polyamine transport system in higher eukaryotes. In the long term, it is hoped that this thesis will facilitate the development of more effective cancer medications by providing new information about the polyamine transport system.

No description available.

Las poliaminas regulan procesos de crecimiento y diferenciación celular, y su desregulación está relacionada con diferentes patologías incluyendo el cáncer. Las antizimas (AZs) de ornitina descarboxilasa (ODC) inhiben tanto su biosíntesis, como su captación, regulando los niveles intracelulares de poliaminas. En esta tesis se ha caracterizado una nueva proteína inhibidora de antizimas (AZIN2) que posee alta homología con ODC y el inhibidor de antizimas previamente conocido (AZIN1). Esta nueva proteína está desprovista de actividad enzimática, pero es capaz de revertir la acción que las tres antizimas conocidas ejercen sobre la actividad ODC y la captación de poliaminas. A diferencia de sus proteínas homólogas, AZIN2 se localiza subcelularmente en el ERGIC, y se expresa específicamente en cerebro y testículo, pero de forma muy abundante en espermátidas y espermatozoides, al igual que AZ3, indicando que estas dos proteínas juegan un importante papel regulando los niveles de poliaminas durante la espermiogénesis. / Polyamines regulate cell growth and differentiation, and the alteration of their homeostasis is related to different diseases, including cancer. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizymes (AZs) regulate polyamine levels by inhibiting both their biosynthesis and the cellular uptake. In this work, a new ODC paralogue has been characterized as a novel antizyme inhibitor protein that has been named AZIN2. This protein lacks decarboxylating activity, but it is able to reverse the action of any of the three antizymes on ODC activity and polyamine uptake. Unlike its homologue proteins ODC and AZIN1, AZIN2 is located in the ERGIC, and it is specifically expressed in brain and testes. The abundant expression in spermatids and spermatozoa, concomitantly with AZ3, suggests that both proteins may play an important role in regulating polyamine levels during spermiogenesis