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The aim of this study is to demonstrate the idea of Exoticism and its effect on nineteenth century architectural tendencies and especially on the philosophy and the works of Louis Sullivan (1856-1924). The study begins with an elucidation of the concept &ldquo / exoticism.&rdquo / After the thoughts of a group of nineteenth century European intellectuals are discussed, the philosophy of Sullivan is analyzed. Following chapters are dedicated to the works of Sullivan. Exotic world was the source of a stimulating discourse for the nineteenth century intellectuals. American architect Sullivan also found inspiration in it. In the development of his philosophy, Sullivan concentrated on the idea of &ldquo / integrity of man and nature,&rdquo / and he realized that integrity was present in the art of primitive and especially Oriental cultures. His universal formula, &ldquo / form follows function,&rdquo / was based on the idea that the primitive man did not put a barrier between himself and nature / hence every artwork created by him was a process of transformation of natural forms. Sullivan modeled his designs upon nature and in this way attempted to reproduce this creative process. This study interprets Sullivan&rsquo / s philosophy and works and also discusses their likely contribution to the work of the contemporary architect.

This dissertation examines the cultural, political, and artistic role of polychrome wall painting from funerary contexts in South Italy during the critical period that spans the crisis of Greek hegemony and the consolidation of Roman power. Numerous painted tombs were built between the late fifth and the early second centuries BCE for local as well as Greek elite groups across Southern Italy. I investigate the ways in which the wall paintings, with their colors, iconographies, and technical features were both the expression of indigenous cultures and local artistic trends, and a part of a wider and more complex phenomenon, that is the diffusion of funerary wall painting in the Mediterranean during the late Classical and Hellenistic period. Why did polychromy become a crucial component in articulating funerary space in South Italy towards the end of the fifth century BCE, and how did this experience develop in the regions of Campania, Lucania, and Apulia, respectively? Ever since the South Italian painted tombs were discovered in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, scholars have interpreted their decoration as ideal representations of the deceased, their funerary ceremony, or their journey to the Underworld. They have focused on the relationship between the images and the individual deceased buried in the tomb or the restricted group of their family/clan. In my study, I seek to restore the polysemic character of the wall paintings. Each chapter analyzes the paintings from a different perspective and with a particular methodological approach, combining archaeological, anthropological, topographic, historical, and artistic evidence. I argue that the tombs with their painted decoration served to build and articulate collective memory, elaborating a message which was supposed to address the local community. I propose that the figural scenes depicted on the tomb walls staged ritual activities and initiation ceremonies which marked the life of the whole community. I also reconsider the artistic development of funerary painting in Southern Italy, showing that this phenomenon did not derive from globalizing trends of "Hellenization" or "Romanization", as has often been suggested, but it was intimately connected to indigenous artistic traditions and local or regional socio-political dynamics. / The Classics

Thesis--Freiburg i.B. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 248-249).

Thesis--Freiburg i.B. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 248-249).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2010. / Vita. Illustrations not reproduced. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 393-425).

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Notorious influence is given to the reading of the urban space, a language complex that forms the image in its poetry through the subjectivity of individually learned art, from sensorial stimuli acquired in this atmosphere. Color, as the support of a formed image, and of the art expression and architecture, becomes the scope of this study, always connected to its revealing element: light. This interdependency relationship between color and light calls for an integrated study of both factors. This form of energy called light, when distributed in its tonal radiations, assumes different meanings, according to different historical, cultural, traditional or even religious backgrounds. The approach to applied color emphasizes that the chromatic result of a landscape comes from further than reason or physical aspects of color, and is also a product of variables, such as the nature of light, the visual system and emotional sense of each one. On site investigation aims to establish a relation between image typology and applied color. A reflection on perception of the atmosphere and resultant interpretations of this process, either real or mental presented through memory fosters the study of this phenomena that makes each place incorporate and identify, along with times, new thoughts. Thoughts that rise as answers to the re-creation of the captured image. Meaningful sections of the district were attentiously covered, in search of a photographic memory that would reveal a bit of this chromatic and artistic experience called Vila Madalena. And finally, quantification and qualification of studied color combinations that were the basis to build chromati Index-palettes, scientifically based on the Munsell System for color identification. / Este é um trabalho de investigação do uso das cores na arquitetura e na cidade e tem como recorte espacial o bairro paulistano de Vila Madalena devido à riqueza cromática da região. É notória a ênfase dada à leitura do espaço urbano, um complexo de linguagens que constitui a imagem pela sua poética por meio da subjetividade da arte individualmente apreendida e interpretada a partir de estímulos sensoriais adquiridos no meio. A cor como suporte da imagem formada e da expressão da arte e da arquitetura torna-se o foco deste estudo, sempre associada ao seu elemento revelador: a luz. Essa relação de interdependência entre cor e luz torna imprescindível um estudo conjunto desses fatores. Essa energia chamada, luz ao distribuir-se em suas radiações tonais, ganha significados diversos provenientes de alguma bagagem histórica, cultural, de tradições ou mesmo religiosa. A abordagem de cor aplicada enfatiza que o resultado cromático de uma paisagem provém mais do que da razão ou dos atributos físicos da cor, é também produto de variáveis como a natureza da luz, o sistema visual e o emocional de cada um. A investigação do sítio visa estabelecer uma relação entre a tipologia da imagem e a cor aplicada. Uma reflexão sobre percepção do ambiente e as interpretações decorrentes deste processo, sejam estas do real ou do mental que se apresenta pela memória instiga ao estudo desse fenômeno que faz com que cada lugar incorpore e identifique, através dos tempos, novos pensamentos. Pensamentos estes que surgem como respostas ao processo de recriação da imagem captada. Trechos significativos do bairro foram atentamente percorridos em busca de um registro fotográfico que revelasse um pouco dessa experiência cromática e artística que é a Vila Madalena. E, finalmente, a quantificação e qualificação dos matizes levantados possibilitou a elaboração de paletas-sínteses cromáticas cientificamente embasadas no Sistema Munsell de anotação de cores.

Le Liber diversarum artium, seconde copie d'un traité de technologie artistique vraisemblablement écrit dans les années 1350, est conservé à la Bibliothèque inter-universitaire de Médecine de Montpellier, dans un manuscrit du XVe siècle, le Ms H277 (vers 1470). Ce texte, par sa structure novatrice, les sources connues antérieures aux années 1300 qui l'alimentent, et leur diffusion, nous a autorisé à le mettre en regard d'œuvres peintes sur bois et sur mur des XIIe et XIIIe siècles conservées en Catalogne, comme nous aurions pu le faire avec n'importe quel autre corpus cohérent. Par le territoire « historique » qu'elle recouvre au Moyen Âge, par le nombre d'œuvres conservées et par leur grande variété esthétique et technique, la Catalogne répondait à cette cohérence. Les peintures retenues ont été envisagées du point de vue leur matérialité. La méthodologie développée pour l'aborder s'est articulée dans une dialectique constante entre le savoir écrit, théorique, du Liber ou d'autres traités, et le savoir pratique mis en œuvre par les peintres en Catalogne aux âges romans. L'observation macroscopique des œuvres, ainsi que la collecte de données physico-chimiques concernant certaines d'entre elles, ou encore notre propre expérience, nous a donné une matière propice à la compréhension du métier de peintre. De cette confrontation est née une lecture singulière, mettant au cœur de notre réflexion le peintre dans l'apprentissage et l'exercice de son métier. / The Liber diversarum artium, second copy of a treatise on artistic technology probably written in the 1350s, is held at the Inter-university Library of Medicine of Montpellier, in a fifteenth century manuscript, Ms H277 (1470). The innovative structure of this text, the pre-1300s sources it draws on, and their dissemination, enabled us to compare it with works painted on wood and walls in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries preserved in Catalonia, as with any other coherent corpus. By virtue of the "historical" territory it covers in the Middle Ages, the number of works conserved and their wide aesthetic and technical variety, Catalonia provided this coherence. The selected paintings were considered from the perspective of materiality. The methodology developed for the task was structured as a constant dialectic between written and theoretical knowledge contained in the Liber or other treatises, and the practical knowledge applied by painters in Catalonia in the Romanesque period. Macroscopic observation of the works, the collection of physicochemical data concerning some of them, and our own experience, provided us with material that was conducive to understanding the painter's craft. This comparison produced a singular reading, in which thinking is focused on the painter in the learning and the exercise of his craft.

Nesta pesquisa, foi investigada a percepção do acervo das edificações de centros históricos a partir da abordagem da área da Percepção Ambiental. O estudo concentrou-se na investigação dos fatores relacionados com assuntos cromáticos que afetam a avaliação estética das edificações de diferentes estilos, e foi realizado através de um estudo de caso. Para tal, foram selecionadas quatro cidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul do Brasil - Pelotas, Piratini, Jaguarão e Bagé, com acervo representativo de edificações patrimoniais de três estilos (colonial, eclético e pré-modernista). Para instrumentalizar o estudo das cores, foi definido o conceito de tipologia cromática do estilo histórico, que serviu como base para identificar modelos com atributos cromáticos concretos (correspondentes aos esquemas de cores históricos e não-históricos) que constituíram o objeto principal da investigação. Os três grupos de modelos constituíram os conjuntos apresentados para a avaliação de respondentes, moradores das quatro cidades, familiarizados e não-familiarizados com os contextos estilísticos específicos. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, foi analisada a avaliação efetuada pelos respondentes em relação às edificações históricas, e a segunda etapa consistiu na avaliação referente aos modelos cromáticos. Foram exploradas as suposições de que (i) a percepção da qualidade estética do ambiente urbano está vinculada à percepção das cores, e que (ii) a policromia é um aspecto relevante para a avaliação das edificações estilísticas nos centros históricos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram chegar a conclusões sobre a relevância da policromia para a qualidade estética dos ambientes históricos. Essa relevância foi verificada através das variáveis formais e simbólicas relacionadas aos modelos cromáticos de estilos diferentes. Especificamente, foram distinguidos os atributos dos modelos de acordo com as características - componente cromático, tipo de estruturação e complexidade de composição das cores -, que proporcionam avaliação positiva e, desse modo, estariam contribuindo para a formação de ambientes esteticamente qualificados em áreas históricas. Através desta pesquisa, foi disponibilizada uma base teórica e metodológica para o estudo das cores no ambiente histórico a partir da abordagem estética adotada na área da Percepção Ambiental, que poderá servir como reforço para a investigação do potencial estético do centro histórico, enfatizando o aspecto formal e o simbólico através do aspecto cromático. Essa contribuição pode servir para a elaboração de diretrizes e proposições de intervenção cromática nas áreas urbanas históricas. / In this study, a perception of a set of buildings in historical centers was studied based on approach of the Environmental Perception. The research was focused on investigation of the factors related to chromatic issues, which affect an esthetic evaluation of the constructions of different styles, and it was performed through the study of the specific sites. For this purpose, four cities of the Rio Grande do Sul state of Brazil were selected - Pelotas, Piratini, Jaguarão and Bagé -, which contain representative sets of the heritage buildings of the three styles (colonial, eclectic and pre-modern). To create the basis for the color study, the concept of the chromatic typology of historical style was defined and used to identify the models with specific chromatic attributes (corresponding to the schemes of historic and non-historic colors) that represented the main object of the investigation. The three groups of stylistic models were presented for evaluation by respondents, residents of the above four cities, familiar and unfamiliar with the specific stylistic contexts. At the first stage of the research, respondents' evaluations of historical buildings were analyzed, and then, at the second stage, their evaluations of chromatic models were treated. The following suppositions were worked out: (i) the perception of esthetic quality of the urban environment is related to the color perception, and (ii) the polychromy is a relevant feature for evaluation of the stylistic buildings in the historical centers. The obtained results allowed us to reach the conclusions about the importance of polychromy for esthetic quality of the historical environments. The polychromy significance was verified through formal and symbolic variables related to chromatic models of different styles. In particular, the following chromatic characteristics - chromatic component, structure type and complexity of color composition - were specified to differentiate the model attributes, which provide a positive evaluation and, in this way, contribute to formation of esthetically qualified environments in historical areas. This research made available a theoretical and methodological basis for study of colors in historical environments involving the use of the esthetic approach adopted in the Environmental Perception, which could be useful as reinforcement for analysis of the esthetic potential of an historical center, emphasizing the formal and symbolic aspects through the chromatic one. This contribution could be helpful for developing the directives and propositions of chromatic intervention in the urban historical sites.

Nesta pesquisa, foi investigada a percepção do acervo das edificações de centros históricos a partir da abordagem da área da Percepção Ambiental. O estudo concentrou-se na investigação dos fatores relacionados com assuntos cromáticos que afetam a avaliação estética das edificações de diferentes estilos, e foi realizado através de um estudo de caso. Para tal, foram selecionadas quatro cidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul do Brasil - Pelotas, Piratini, Jaguarão e Bagé, com acervo representativo de edificações patrimoniais de três estilos (colonial, eclético e pré-modernista). Para instrumentalizar o estudo das cores, foi definido o conceito de tipologia cromática do estilo histórico, que serviu como base para identificar modelos com atributos cromáticos concretos (correspondentes aos esquemas de cores históricos e não-históricos) que constituíram o objeto principal da investigação. Os três grupos de modelos constituíram os conjuntos apresentados para a avaliação de respondentes, moradores das quatro cidades, familiarizados e não-familiarizados com os contextos estilísticos específicos. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, foi analisada a avaliação efetuada pelos respondentes em relação às edificações históricas, e a segunda etapa consistiu na avaliação referente aos modelos cromáticos. Foram exploradas as suposições de que (i) a percepção da qualidade estética do ambiente urbano está vinculada à percepção das cores, e que (ii) a policromia é um aspecto relevante para a avaliação das edificações estilísticas nos centros históricos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram chegar a conclusões sobre a relevância da policromia para a qualidade estética dos ambientes históricos. Essa relevância foi verificada através das variáveis formais e simbólicas relacionadas aos modelos cromáticos de estilos diferentes. Especificamente, foram distinguidos os atributos dos modelos de acordo com as características - componente cromático, tipo de estruturação e complexidade de composição das cores -, que proporcionam avaliação positiva e, desse modo, estariam contribuindo para a formação de ambientes esteticamente qualificados em áreas históricas. Através desta pesquisa, foi disponibilizada uma base teórica e metodológica para o estudo das cores no ambiente histórico a partir da abordagem estética adotada na área da Percepção Ambiental, que poderá servir como reforço para a investigação do potencial estético do centro histórico, enfatizando o aspecto formal e o simbólico através do aspecto cromático. Essa contribuição pode servir para a elaboração de diretrizes e proposições de intervenção cromática nas áreas urbanas históricas. / In this study, a perception of a set of buildings in historical centers was studied based on approach of the Environmental Perception. The research was focused on investigation of the factors related to chromatic issues, which affect an esthetic evaluation of the constructions of different styles, and it was performed through the study of the specific sites. For this purpose, four cities of the Rio Grande do Sul state of Brazil were selected - Pelotas, Piratini, Jaguarão and Bagé -, which contain representative sets of the heritage buildings of the three styles (colonial, eclectic and pre-modern). To create the basis for the color study, the concept of the chromatic typology of historical style was defined and used to identify the models with specific chromatic attributes (corresponding to the schemes of historic and non-historic colors) that represented the main object of the investigation. The three groups of stylistic models were presented for evaluation by respondents, residents of the above four cities, familiar and unfamiliar with the specific stylistic contexts. At the first stage of the research, respondents' evaluations of historical buildings were analyzed, and then, at the second stage, their evaluations of chromatic models were treated. The following suppositions were worked out: (i) the perception of esthetic quality of the urban environment is related to the color perception, and (ii) the polychromy is a relevant feature for evaluation of the stylistic buildings in the historical centers. The obtained results allowed us to reach the conclusions about the importance of polychromy for esthetic quality of the historical environments. The polychromy significance was verified through formal and symbolic variables related to chromatic models of different styles. In particular, the following chromatic characteristics - chromatic component, structure type and complexity of color composition - were specified to differentiate the model attributes, which provide a positive evaluation and, in this way, contribute to formation of esthetically qualified environments in historical areas. This research made available a theoretical and methodological basis for study of colors in historical environments involving the use of the esthetic approach adopted in the Environmental Perception, which could be useful as reinforcement for analysis of the esthetic potential of an historical center, emphasizing the formal and symbolic aspects through the chromatic one. This contribution could be helpful for developing the directives and propositions of chromatic intervention in the urban historical sites.