The purpose of this study is to explain the consequences of a changing age structure on social change in the urban industrialized environment. This analysis determines the impact of the younger to the older labor force aged population on both negative and positive forms of social change behavior. The indices of social behavior to be examined are the deviant behaviors of homicide, suicide and certain innovative behavior associated with patent activity. The specific age composition of the population to be examined is the ratio of young male adults aged 15-34 to those aged 35-64. The analysis of main effects of the model is conducted, controlling for the effects of unemployment and urban growth. These control variables have traditionally been documented as being important factors associated with deviant forms of behavior. However, the more contemporary literature increasingly recognizes the relationship between age and the tendency to act out certain social change behaviors. Most of social change emphasizes "negative" deviant behaviors. This study incorporated two innovative measures related to patents in an attempt to measure "positive" forms of deviant behavior. This strategy is used to determine if positive behavior can be explained by the same independent variables used to account for negative behavior. A multiple linear regression model is used to analyze the hypothesis of the research model. The results show a significant relationship between the age composition of the population and the selected indices of social behavior. As expected, the traditional indices of negative deviant behavior are consistent with the findings of the model. The less traditional indices used to measure innovation also result in positive findings. However, the significance of these latter findings is more modest in comparison to those of the traditional measures of deviant behavior. The implications of this study are that when pressure for opportunity builds in the population due to a heavy proportion of young adults, the prevalence of both positive (innovative) and negative (destructive) behavior increases. These behaviors reflect the need within society to change and adapt to population requirements. These dynamics are heightened as our society becomes more urbanized under the circumstances. The task for social policy makers is how to encourage the positive innovative forms of social change.

Pinus taeda L. dynamics, migration patterns and genetic structure were investigated over geological time scale (the past 21,000 years), historical time scale (the past 500 years) and recent time scale (the past 50 years ago) using multi-source data and an interdisciplinary approach. Population genetics, microsatellite markers, DNA fingerprinting, fossil records, geological history, historical records, aerial photographs, soil maps, weather data, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to assess the dynamics of P. taeda populations especially for the Lost Pines (LP), a disjunct population at the westernmost edge of the species range. Pinus taeda populations east and west of the Mississippi River Valley are genetically differentiated. Eastern populations had higher allelic diversity and diagnostic alleles than western populations. Gene flow estimates are high. Allelic diversity and diagnostic alleles patterns are attributed to the prevailing wind direction. Differentiation east and west of the MRV was attributed to separation to two refugia during the Pleistocene. The Lost Pines population is believed to have undergone one or more bottleneck events with loss of rare alleles. Despite the bottleneck, allelic richness was similar for the LP and the control population from the Western Gulf (WG) population. Population size contraction of the LP was attributed to climate change in central Texas over geological time scale. The natural origin of the Lost Pines was investigated. Multivariate and clustering techniques and assignment and exclusion methods using DNA markers show that the LP population shared ancestry with the WG populations with no evidence for admixture from other sources. Historical records parallel this conclusion. With the absence of logging within Bastrop and Buescher State Parks, P. taeda area and patch size increased from 1949 to 1995. Thirty six percent of the pine patches observed in 1949 had disappeared by 1995 by merging. Landscape pattern analysis shows significant dynamics. The distribution of P. taeda in Bastrop County was associated with sandy light topsoils, clayey heavy sub-soils and high permeable soils. Pinus taeda grow on various soil types as well. Growing on these soils under current climatic conditions may compensate for the precipitation regime in this area.

Mixture between populations is an evolutionary process that shapes genetic variation. Intermixing between groups of distinct ancestries creates mosaics of chromosomal segments inherited from multiple ancestral populations. Studying populations of mixed ancestry (admixed populations) is of special interest in population genetics as it not only provides insights into the history of admixed groups but also affords an opportunity to reconstruct the history of the ancestral populations, some of whom may no longer exist in unmixed form. Furthermore, it improves our understanding of the impact of population migrations and helps us discover links between genetic and phenotypic variation in structured populations. The majority of research on admixed populations has focused on African Americans and Latinos where the mixture is recent, having occurred within the past 500 years. In this dissertation, I describe several studies that I have led that expand the scope of admixed studies to West Eurasians and South Asians where the mixture is older, and data from ancestral groups is mostly unavailable. First, I introduce a novel method that studies admixture linkage disequilibrium (LD) to infer the time of mixture. I analyze genomewide data from 40 West Eurasian populations and show that all Southern European, Levantine and Jewish groups have inherited sub-Saharan African ancestry in the past 100 generations, likely reflecting events during the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations. Next, I apply a range of methods to study the history of Siddi groups that harbor African, Indian and Portuguese ancestry, and to infer the history of Roma gypsies from Europe. Finally, I develop a novel approach that combines the insights of frequency and LD-based statistics to infer the underlying model of mixture. I apply this method to 73 South Asian groups and infer that major mixture occurred ~2,000-4,000 years ago. In a subset of populations, all the mixture occurred during this period, a time of major change in India marked by the de- urbanization of the Indus valley civilization and recolonization of the Gangetic plateau. Inferences from our analyses provide novel insights into the history of these populations as well as about the broad impact of human migrations.

This research uses isonymy (same-surname) methods and models to examine the population structure and migratory history of Quebec, Canada. Through a case study using 1765 and 1881 census and marriage records from 1621-1900, I explore the accuracy of sources as well as develop, test and apply different statistical methods, and experiment with mapping techniques that reveal paths and patterns of French Canadian surnames. Each investigation explores and evaluates a particular method. I noted that multivariate methods, including cluster analysis, relevance networks, and correspondence analysis, not traditionally used in surname analysis offer reliable and informative results, and insights into the hierarchical structure of populations not easily gleaned from traditional surname methods. The spatial and temporal components of Quebec surname distributions revealed that groups of names which populate and distinguish certain regions were in place by 1800, and cross-river relatedness became less significant as the population expanded upstream away from the St. Lawrence River. I also found that surnames unique to certain regions remained strongly clustered until the mid-nineteenth century when urbanization and the settlement of new territory led to the fusion of name pools (diversification) in and around urban areas, while at the same time causing losses of names in some rural areas. The marriage records provided evidence, through their measure of random mating, that surnames within different regions in Quebec continually diversified throughout the nineteenth century. Overall, I found surnames to be an informative variable for inferring population relatedness and migratory paths. Because surnames are readily available in a number of sources researchers involved with historical migration research should find that the methods presented in this work will provide a time-saving technique which can overcome the restrictions of spatial and temporal scale an

Orientador: Rosana Aparecida Baeninger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Izaias_KatiaCristinadaSilva_M.pdf: 6570908 bytes, checksum: bd1d99b10345efb66992a2c02430fa87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Focalizando a cidade de Jundiaí-SP, este estudo objetivou acompanhar a formação social e econômica do município desde a sua fundação até a chegada da primeira leva de imigrantes internacionais (1615-1890), bem como a evolução e composição da população. Foi apresentado de forma breve os antecedentes históricos da formação de Jundiaí e sua configuração territorial, seus limites originais e desmembramentos, destacando seu papel no povoamento da parte central e norte do Estado de São Paulo e a importância na formação social. Juntamente com a dinâmica da população foi estudada a dinâmica econômica do período, compreendendo a lavoura de subsistência e as grandes culturas, como a cana de açúcar e o café. Sobressai neste período a função do município como porto seco e prestador de serviços - atributos que permanecem atualmente. Apresentaram-se, também, as características que a população imprimiu no aspecto físico (traçado urbano e arquitetura). Foram apresentadas informações sobre a população do período - dispersas em várias fontes - e uma análise dos censos demográficos de 1836 a 1890, da população escrava à incipiente imigração europeia. O que se pode perceber é que as características destes primeiros séculos podem ser sentidas, atualmente, na população e economia de Jundiaí / Abstract: Focusing on Jundiaí, SP, this study aimed to monitor the economical and social formation of the city from its founding until the arrival of the first wave of international immigrants (1615-1890), as well as the evolution and composition of the population. It was briefly presented the historical background of the formation of Jundiaí and its territorial configuration, the original boundaries and spinoffs, emphasizing its role in the settlement of the central and northern state of São Paulo and the importance in social formation. Along with the population dynamics, we studied the economical dynamics of the period, including the subsistence farming and field crops, such as sugar cane and coffee ones. Emerges, in this period, the role of the municipality as a dry port and service - attributes that remain currently. It were introduced, as well, the features that impressed the people in the physical aspect (urban design and architecture). We presented some information about the population of the period - scattered in various sources - and an analysis of population censuses from 1836 to 1890, the slave population to the incipient European immigration. What one may notice is that the characteristics of these early centuries can be felt, currently, in the population and economy Jundiaí / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestre em Demografia

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The primary purpose of this thesis is a description of some of the major changes which the population of Texas has undergone, particularly in the first half of the twentieth century. Other approaches are possible. For example, it is both possible and important to develop the relationship of population change to social problems. However, it is not the purpose of this thesis to investigate these relationships. It is the purpose here to view the population problem in almost entirely a factual sense, basing observations and interpretations on strictly demographic data.

Assessing population diversity in southern Italy has traditionally relied on archaeological and historic evidence. Although informative, these lines of evidence do not establish specific instances of within lifetime mobility, nor track population diversity over time. In order to investigate the population structure of ancient South Italy I sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 15 Iron Age (7th – 4th c. BCE) and 30 Roman period (1st – 4th c. BCE) individuals buried at Iron Age Botromagno and Roman period Vagnari, in southern Italy, and analyzed δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr values from a subset of the Vagnari skeletal assemblage. Phylogenetic analysis of 15 Iron Age mtDNAs together with 231 mtDNAs spanning European prehistory suggest that southern Italian Iapygians share close genetic affinities to Neolithic populations from eastern Europe and the Near East. Population pairwise analysis of Iron Age, Roman, and mtDNA datasets spanning the pan-Mediterranean region (n=357), indicate that Roman maternal genetic diversity is more similar to Neolithic and Bronze Age populations from central Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, respectively, than to Iron Age Italians. Genetic distance between population age categories imply moderate mtDNA turnover and constant population size during the Roman conquest of South Italy in the 3rd century BCE. In order to determine the local versus non-local demographic at Vagnari, I measured the 87Sr/86Sr and 18O/16O of composition of 43 molars, and the 87Sr/86Sr composition of an additional 13 molars, and constructed a preliminary 87Sr/86Sr variation map of the Italian peninsula using disparate 87Sr/86Sr datasets. The relationship between 87Sr/86Sr and previously published δ18O data suggest a relatively low proportion of migrants lived at Vagnari (7%). This research is the first to generate whole-mitochondrial DNA sequences from Iron Age and Roman period necropoleis, and demonstrates the ability to gain valuable information from the integration of aDNA, stable isotope, archaeological and historic evidence. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / With biochemical information obtained from teeth, this study examines the population structure and geographic origins in two archaeological communities located in southern Italy. Analysis of classical remains has traditionally been the subject of historical and archaeological inquiry. However, new applications evaluate these population changes with integrated stable isotope and ancient DNA techniques. Overall, the biochemical results suggest that the pre-Roman communities harbor deep maternal ancestry originating from eastern Europe and the eastern Mediterannean. These results, when compared to the genetic diversity of Roman and broader Mediterranean populations, indicate that the Romans share closer genetic similarity with ancient Stone and Bronze Age communites from Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, than with the pre-Roman community studied here. Furthermore, tooth chemistry results indicate a predominantly local population buried in the Roman period cemetery.

Even though the analysis of DNA from archaeological bone comes with some major limitations, it constitutes the most directmeans of investigating prehistoric population dynamics. The interdisciplinary contextualization of genetic data with the archaeological and palaeoecological record helps to reconstruct past population histories and the demography of ancient populations. For South America, palaeogenetic studies have become increasingly important. Here we review the existing ancient DNA data from pre-Columbian individuals to assess their potential to contribute to our understanding of early South American population history. The spatial and temporal distribution of ancient South American populations analysed to date is very uneven and the data resolution of the analysed genetic markers is low. Nevertheless, the data suggest that there were population dynamic processes accompanying cultural development in Western South America. With the new methodologies and better sampling strategies employed in current paleogenetic projects and more effective interdisciplinary cooperations it will be soon possible to achieve a better understanding of the peopling of the continent and the succeeding population history. / Aún cuando el análisis de ADN de huesos arqueológicos tiene algunas grandes limitaciones, constituye la manera más directa de investigar eventos prehistóricos de dinámica poblacional. La contextualización interdisciplinaria de los datos genéticos con los registros arqueológico y paleoecológico permite reconstruir las historias poblacionales pasadas y la demografía de sociedades antiguas. Por otro lado, el número de estudios paleogenéticos en Sudamérica se está incrementando. En este artículo revisamos los datos de ADN antiguo de individuos prehispánicos que existen en la actualidad con la finalidad de evaluar su potencial para contribuir a nuestro entendimiento de la historia temprana del poblamiento de Sudamérica. La distribución espacial y temporal de las poblaciones sudamericanas antiguas muestreadas a la fecha es muy irregular y la resolución de los marcadores genéticos analizados esbaja. Sin embargo, los datos sugieren que existieron procesos de dinámica poblacional que acompañaron el desarrollo cultural de la parte oeste de Sudamérica. Con las nuevas metodologías y mejores estrategias de muestreo que se emplean hoy en día en los proyectos de paleogenética, y con una cooperación interdisciplinaria más efectiva, pronto será posible lograr un mejor entendimiento del poblamiento del continente, así como de los hechos sucesivos de su historia poblacional.

Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) is an area with a long history of human occupation and great ethnolinguistic diversity. The earliest anatomically modern humans arrived ~65 thousand years ago, while presently it has a population size of ~263 million people speaking ~229 languages belonging to five major language families: Austroasiatic (AA), Austronesian (AN), Tai-Kadai (TK), Hmong-Mien (HM), and Sino-Tibetan (ST). Analyses of genome-wide data can provide rich insights into reconstructing human genetic population history, but there is a paucity of genome-wide data from MSEA (mostly limited to the majority groups such as the Kinh and Thai). The goal of this thesis was to analyze newly-genotyped genome-wide data (encompassing ~600 thousand SNPs) from an extensive, detailed sample of ethnolinguistic groups from Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos, encompassing all five major MSEA language families, in order to reconstruct their genetic history and relationships with cultural variation. In Chapter I, I analyzed data from 259 individuals from the Kinh and 21 Vietnamese ethnolinguistic groups. In contrast to previous studies suggesting that genetic diversity in Vietnam largely reflects internal diversification and isolation, I found evidence for different sources of genetic diversity in different linguistic groups, extensive contact between groups, and a likely case of language shift involving AN-speaking groups. In Chapter II, I analyzed data from 463 individuals from 33 ethnolinguistic groups together with 3 published groups (including the Thai), hence in total 36 groups from Thailand and Laos. I found fine-scale genetic structure for the major TK and AA groups according to their linguistic branches, and different levels of local interaction with other linguistic groups in geographical proximity. This diverse structure was also influenced by South Asian admixture, detected in several different linguistic groups from central and southern Thailand, dated to ~600-1000 years ago. This admixture date, together with the geographical distribution of these groups, suggests that the South Asian influence corresponds to the Ayutthaya kingdom period (1350-1767 AD), when there was extensive interactions and political and trading networks between people from MSEA and South Asia.:SUMMARY p.1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG p.10 CHAPTER I p.20 Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity CHAPTER II p.68 Reconstructing the human genetic history of mainland Southeast Asia: insights from genome- wide data from Thailand and Laos REFERENCES p.111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS p.114 CURRICULUM VITAE p.115 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE p.117 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT p.118